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Presented at the online course on Quran and Sunnat at IIUM Saturday 17th June 2023 by Professor Omar Hasan Kasule Sr. Chairman of the Research Ethics Committee at King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh
NATURE OF BIOLOGICAL PERFECTION, kamaal
al khalq:
- Allah’s creation is perfect.
Allah is the best
creator, ahsan al khaliqin[1].
He perfected everything He made, kamal al
khalq[2].
- Allah made humans in the best image, ahsan suurat[3].
- The process of perfection went through four stages: creation, khalq; making due proportions, taswiyat; balancing, ta ‘adil; and making the best image, taswiir.
- Biological perfection was created and not evolved. Every living and non-living thing was created perfectly de novo. It is therefore wrong to accept the view that life started as primitive life forms that over time evolved to be the sophisticated human biology that we see now.
QUR’AN ON
PERFECTION
- صِبْغَةَ ٱللَّهِ ۖ وَمَنْ أَحْسَنُ مِنَ ٱللَّهِ صِبْغَةًۭ ۖ وَنَحْنُ لَهُۥ عَـٰبِدُونَ ١٣٨
- ثُمَّ خَلَقْنَا ٱلنُّطْفَةَ عَلَقَةًۭ فَخَلَقْنَا ٱلْعَلَقَةَ مُضْغَةًۭ فَخَلَقْنَا ٱلْمُضْغَةَ عِظَـٰمًۭا فَكَسَوْنَا ٱلْعِظَـٰمَ لَحْمًۭا ثُمَّ أَنشَأْنَـٰهُ خَلْقًا ءَاخَرَ ۚ فَتَبَارَكَ ٱللَّهُ أَحْسَنُ ٱلْخَـٰلِقِينَ ١٤
- أَتَدْعُونَ بَعْلًۭا وَتَذَرُونَ أَحْسَنَ ٱلْخَـٰلِقِينَ ١٢٥
- وَتَرَى ٱلْجِبَالَ تَحْسَبُهَا جَامِدَةًۭ وَهِىَ تَمُرُّ مَرَّ ٱلسَّحَابِ ۚ صُنْعَ ٱللَّهِ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَتْقَنَ كُلَّ شَىْءٍ ۚ إِنَّهُۥ خَبِيرٌۢ بِمَا تَفْعَلُونَ ٨٨
QUR’AN ON PERFECTION, con’t:
- خٱلَّذِىٓ أَحْسَنَ كُلَّ شَىْءٍ خَلَقَهُۥ ۖ وَبَدَأَ خَلْقَ ٱلْإِنسَـٰنِ مِن طِينٍۢ ٧
- ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِى جَعَلَ لَكُمُ ٱلْأَرْضَ قَرَارًۭا وَٱلسَّمَآءَ بِنَآءًۭ وَصَوَّرَكُمْ فَأَحْسَنَ صُوَرَكُمْ وَرَزَقَكُم مِّنَ ٱلطَّيِّبَـٰتِ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمُ ٱللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ ۖ فَتَبَارَكَ ٱللَّهُ رَبُّ ٱلْعَـٰلَمِينَ ٦٤
- خَلَقَ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضَ بِٱلْحَقِّ وَصَوَّرَكُمْ فَأَحْسَنَ صُوَرَكُمْ ۖ وَإِلَيْهِ ٱلْمَصِيرُ ٣
- لَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا ٱلْإِنسَـٰنَ فِىٓ أَحْسَنِ تَقْوِيمٍۢ ٤
- ٱللَّهُ ٱلَّذِى جَعَلَ لَكُمُ ٱلْأَرْضَ قَرَارًۭا وَٱلسَّمَآءَ بِنَآءًۭ وَصَوَّرَكُمْ فَأَحْسَنَ صُوَرَكُمْ وَرَزَقَكُم مِّنَ ٱلطَّيِّبَـٰتِ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمُ ٱللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ ۖ فَتَبَارَكَ ٱللَّهُ رَبُّ ٱلْعَـٰلَمِينَ ٦٤
PURPOSIVENESS
OF BIOLOGICAL CREATION, gha iyat al khalq:
- All that Allah created has a purpose[4]. This applies to the whole organism or its constituent tissues and cells.
- The supreme purpose for human creation is ibadat. There are however secondary purposes subsumed under the main one that is related to biology.
- Humans have to play their role in the maintenance of the ecosystem.
- Each tissue, organ, and cell have its specific function under the overall biological scheme.
QUR’AN ON
PURPOSE OF CREATION
- أَفَحَسِبْتُمْ أَنَّمَا خَلَقْنَـٰكُمْ عَبَثًۭا وَأَنَّكُمْ إِلَيْنَا لَا تُرْجَعُونَ ١١٥
ORDER and
HARMONY IN CREATION, nidhaam al khalq;
- Order and harmony are part of predestination, qadar: Order and harmony are not accidental. They are part of deliberate creation.
- The perfection seen in human biology is not a result of accidental coincidence.
- Order is part of Allah’s grand pre-design and could not have occurred as a result of the incremental evolutionary adjustment.
- Random probability is too low to create a sophisticated human biological system.
- Denying the existence of a creator is an intellectual and mental aberration that is incompatible with logic.
- The very perfection and harmony of the creation are direct proof that a powerful creator exists.
BEAUTY OF
CREATION, jamal al khalq:
- All that Allah created is beautiful and pleasing to see.
- Humans with distorted perceptions may not be able to see this beauty in everything.
- Many cannot see the beauty of the physical world around them and therefore cannot enjoy it.
- It is not the eyes that are blind but the heart inside is blinded by lack of faith[5].
- Beauty manifests in static as well as dynamic phenomena.
- There is grace and beauty in the movement of plants and animals and the changes that they undergo.
- There is beauty in biological entities like humans, animals, and plants; The Qur’an describes this esthetic beauty in cattle[6].
- For humans female beauty is emphasized in a special way[7]. This emphasis is probably related to the purpose of procreation and family-raising.
QUR’AN ON BEAUTY OF CREATION
- أَفَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا۟ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ فَتَكُونَ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌۭ يَعْقِلُونَ بِهَآ أَوْ ءَاذَانٌۭ يَسْمَعُونَ بِهَا ۖ فَإِنَّهَا لَا تَعْمَى ٱلْأَبْصَـٰرُ وَلَـٰكِن تَعْمَى ٱلْقُلُوبُ ٱلَّتِى فِى ٱلصُّدُورِ ٤٦
- وَلَكُمْ فِيهَا جَمَالٌ حِينَ تُرِيحُونَ وَحِينَ تَسْرَحُونَ ٦
- لَّا يَحِلُّ لَكَ ٱلنِّسَآءُ مِنۢ بَعْدُ وَلَآ أَن تَبَدَّلَ بِهِنَّ مِنْ أَزْوَٰجٍۢ وَلَوْ أَعْجَبَكَ حُسْنُهُنَّ إِلَّا مَا مَلَكَتْ يَمِينُكَ ۗ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَىْءٍۢ رَّقِيبًۭا ٥٢
- فِيهِنَّ خَيْرَٰتٌ حِسَانٌۭ ٧٠
The constant
physical laws, sunan al kawn:
- The laws of the inanimate world apply in biology in the same way with only differences in purposiveness and dynamic initiative that are found only in living things.
- These two qualities (purposiveness and dynamic initiative) are most developed in humans.
Perfection
and power, al kamal min al qudrat:
- Only the most powerful creator could create perfection.
- Humans are perfect because they were created by Allah, the most high and most powerful.
- Human handiwork cannot be perfect because humans are not all-powerful.
Uniqueness:
- Every human is unique and is different from everybody else.
- Organs, tissues, and even cells are also unique.
- Each DNA is different.
- The uniqueness of creation testifies to the power of the creator able to create everything as unique.
- Thus, creation is not a process of copying from a template as humans do but a deliberate act for each individual organism, organ, cell, or sub-cellular structure.
OPTIMALITY, ahsana taqwiim:
- The human is created in the best and optimal fashion, ahsana taqwiim[8]: All biological systems are optimal. No more effective or more efficient system can even be imagined.
- All human organs or systems are perfect. It is not possible to think of a way of making them better than what they are.
- The difference between the optimum and the maximum must be made clear. The optimum is a balanced situation such that the combination of attributes is the best that it can be and no better combination can be imagined. Some attributes in the combination may not be the maximum.
- Humans are not the best in everything. They may have weaknesses that are compensated for by other strengths this being the most optimal way.
- The brain and intellect are the best compensatory mechanisms. Human biological superiority is sophistication and not quantity, size, or physical strength.
QURAN ON OPTIMALITY
- لَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا ٱلْإِنسَـٰنَ فِىٓ أَحْسَنِ تَقْوِيمٍۢ ٤
THE HUMAN BODY IS OPTIMAL - 1
- There are no useless or superfluous organs or tissues. Organs and tissues have multiple functions. In general, each variation is the best adaptation to the expected function.
- Comparison of corresponding but different parts of the human body indicates the optimal adaptation of each for its specialized functions.
- The upper limb is adopted for manipulation while the lower limb is adapted for mobility, power, and stability.
- The pectoral girdle is adapted for mobility while the pelvic girdle is adapted for stability.
- The shoulder joint is adapted for fine movements while the hip joint is adapted for stability and firm movements.
THE HUMAN BODY IS OPTIMAL - 2
- Comparison of the 2 genders on the basis of height, muscle mass, bone structure, and skin structure show differences that are optimal for specialized gender function.
- Geographical variation in human skin pigmentation also shows the optimal adaptation to the sun. Darker races live in hotter sunnier climates. Lighter-colored races live in the colder less sunny climates of the northern hemisphere and have fewer active melanocytes.
- Human attempts to change Allah’s creation are always fraught with problems because of human inability to understand what the optimal balance is for each situation.
- The use of drugs (depressants, narcotics, stimulants, hallucinogens, alcohol) and cosmetic surgery to change basic fitra will lead to adverse consequences that will become clear with time.
REFERENCES:
- Qur'an, 2:138, 23:14, 37:125
- Qur'an, 27:88, 32:7, 27:88, 32:7, 37:125, 40:64, 64:3, 95:4
- Qur'an, 40:64, 64:3, 95:4
- Qur'an, 23:115
- Qur'an, 22:46
- Qur'an, 16:6
- Qur'an, 33:52, 55:70
- Qur'an, 95:4