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Presented at the 11th Regional Leadership Training Program held in Hungary 21 July - 21 August 1999 by Prof Omar Hasan Kasule, Sr.
OUTLINES
Common Biological and Social Origin
- Biological Origin
- Social Origin
Similarities and Differences: Biological and Social
- Biological Similarities
- Biological Differences
- Social Similarities
- Social Differences
- Classifications
Gender
- The Gender Issue
General Principles: Similarities, Differences, & Complementarity
Gender Identity and Gender Differences
Difference, Equity, and Equality
COMMON BIOLOGICAL and SOCIAL ORIGIN
Biological Origin
All human beings are from Adam. Modern discoveries about DNA and the molecular basis of life prove that there is a biological commonality that must have been caused by a common origin. Unity of humanity, wahdat al basahariyat, is based on the common biological origin.
The concept of sub-human types is not accepted by Islam. Primates may have external features similar to humans but they are, like humans, a unique creation by Allah and not a sub-human type.
As far as we know all offspring of Adam are on planet earth. It is however possible that some of them live on some other planets; science has yet to settle this doubt.
The possibility remains open that humans not descended from Adam do exist somewhere in the cosmos. When Allah informed angels about the impending creation of Adam they seemed to be concerned about human sins and violence as if they had previous experience of humans not descended from Adam.
Life as we know it in plants and animals could also be found on other planets or other galaxies if those galaxies have a biosphere similar to that of the earth. Scientific exploration will clarify these issues in due course.
Social Origin
Humans started as one family that of Adam. They were at one time one community or nation, ummat wadihat (p 156 2:213, 10:19, 21:92, 23:52, 43:33). Because humans all arose from one primordial civilization, we can detect many similar social institutions in people living in different parts of the globe.
Differences developed between them and they became many groups (p 152 5:48, 10:19, 11:118, 16:92-93, 22:34, 22:67, 42:8) and spread out on the earth. Differences in social organization arose as humans moved to live in different environments. The environment has a decisive effect on social life and social behavior. Social organizations and behaviors differ by the type of habitat. Human social organization and culture have grown to be adapted to each habitat: forests, deserts, and open plains.
The human family is a unique institution found in all human societies. Humans have a more stable family life than animals or other living things.
Humans have a sense of kinship that animals do not have.
The sending of prophets to different communities with the same message has reinforced the common social origin of humanity (p 152 2:213, 4:41, 6:42, 7:94, 7:101, 10:13, 10:47, 12:109, 13:30, 16:36, 16:63, 16:84, 16:89, 23:44, 26:208, 28:59, 34:34, 35:24, 36:13, 43:23, 40:5).
The common social origin of all humans has also been reinforced by transmission of culture from place to place and from one generation to the next. This process accelerated after the discovery of writing. The current IT revolution will make humans know about one another more and realize all what is common among them.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES: BIOLOGICAL and SOCIAL
Biological Similarities
Biological similarities among humans are based on the same cellular structure and function, same chemical composition and function, common genetic control based on DNA, and the ability to inter-breed.
The cell is the basic building block of the body. There are hardly any detectable differences in structure or function of cells among different human groups.
The bio-chemical and metabolic functions of the cells are all the same. There is specialization among cells therefore they differ in structure and some of their physiological functions.
Human DNA is similar across many human groups.
The ability of humans of different racial and ethnic groups to inter-breed is further proof of their biological similarity.
Biological Differences
Although humans are from the same biological origin, there are observable differences among them. These differences were created by Allah and did not arise as passive adaptations to the environment. Allah deliberately created these differences to coincide with the geographical habitat, the environment, or the ecological niche in which they live.
Basic biological differences among humans can be described as based on skin color, minor variations of body anatomy and physiology (weight, height, disease susceptibility, external physiognomy) that are used in a rather vague way to define three basic racial types: Caucasian, mongoloid, and negroid.
Differences in color were deliberately created by Allah as one of His signs (30:22). Color variation is also found in other creations of Allah (p 1050 16:13, 16:69, 35:27-28, 39:21). There are gradations and different shades of color even within one race. Skin color is due to melanin and carotene. The darker races have more melanin. The mongoloid races have more carotene. Melanin protects the body from dangerous ultra-violet rays. Albinos are humans with a genetic defect that causes deficiency of melanin; they have to wear eye glasses or other protective body clothing to be able to walk in the sun. Humans who live in the hot tropical regions of the world have more melanin in their skin making them darker in color.
Anatomical variations can also be related to the environment. The lips of humans in hot tropical regions are bigger and present a larger surface area for heat loss. The nostrils are narrower and longer in humans who live in cold regions where inspired air is very cold.
The height and weight of humans are related to their diet. When humans take the same diet they reach the same height potential irrespective of their race, ethnicity, or geographical location. This emphasizes that in essence all humans are biologically similar.
There is no generally-accepted scientific evidence that differences among humans due to the environment cumulate and lead to evolution of a different species. All humans are one species and can intermarry and reproduce. The influence of the environment on humans becomes less pronounced with human technology being able to change the environment to suit human needs.
Social Similarities
The structure and functions of a human family are common to many human groups.
Some behavioral characteristics of humans are uniform such as aggression which started with homicide committed by Adam's son Adam’s son killed: (MB hadith # 1402).
The environment or ecological niche tends to impose social similarities on all people living in it that differentiate them from those living in other environments.
Social Differences
Variations among humans can be at the ethnic, family or individual level.
Customs differ from community to community. Customs are ways of living followed by a great many people. They are transmitted from generation to generation. A custom starts when people find an easy and convenient beneficial way of doing something. Some customs come from religion. Some are short-lived whereas some continue for a long time. Customs are a factor of similarity within the community and factors of differences between communities.
Language differences are among Allah’s signs (30:22). Allah created differences in languages. Languages change continuously as they adapt to differing needs of communities.
There are differences in social status.
Classifications
Humans are a spectrum and not discrete groups with clear boundaries. Colors and physical features merge at the interfaces of human contact.
The first major classification of humans is that based on gender. Males and females are different biologically, psychologically, and emotionally. These differences do not indicate superiority or inferiority. They are rather part of Allah’s scheme for a balanced society. The differences enable the man and woman to have specialized functions that complement one another.
There is no pure race living on earth today. Humans have mixed a lot. DNA studies are likely to show this diversity of humans. It is better to classify humans on the basis of ethnicity and not race. The word race is non-scientific and is difficult to define and operationalize accurately. Ethnicity involves hereditary and social characterization which is more exact than race.
GENDER
The Gender Issue
The gender variation is a subject of controversy and intellectual debate. The issue seems clear from the Islamic perspective. Modern western thought however has complicated the issue and has made erroneous observations and reached wrong conclusions.
The European mind-frame that finds it difficult to accept that differences and similarities occur and are an indication of Allah’s will. When similarities are seen in the biology of animals and humans, the European mind looks at them either as sources of conflict or as indicators of evolutionary progression.
Biological similarities should actually point to one creator and not necessary one original primordial creature that evolved down the ages. Biological differences indicate the power of the creator to create variations while at the same time there are commonalities.
There is inconsistency in European ideas about gender and equality. Insistence on exactly the same roles for men and women is biologically and socially illogical. Roles of men and women cannot be exactly the same because they are different. Even animals accept gender-based roles and differentiation.
For proper functioning of human and animal societies, it was necessary to have gender parity. The Qur'an has taught the issue of parity as a general phenomenon in creation. Parity in gender, zawjayn, with emphasis on complementary relations between males and females is just one example of parity found in other living and non-living things. We will subsequently discuss issues of equity, equality, justice, and division of labor that are associated with parity.
Stereotyping makes it difficult to discuss gender issues logically
General Principles
Similarities: Women and men are equal in their religious, ethical, civil rights, duties and responsibilities (16:97). Exceptions are very few and arise because of different responsibilities (4:34) or differences in basic nature. The Qur’an assures religious equality (3:175, 9:71-72, 16:97), ethical equality (3:195, 9:71-72, 16:97), and civil equality (60:12, 5:38, 24:2, 4:32). Islam teaches equal worth / status of the 2 genders. Men and women are from the same creation. Islam assures moral and legal equality of the 2 genders. Islam does not blame the woman for the original sin. Religious education and religious obligations are the same for men and women. Women get equal reward for equal work. The woman however should not be forced to do exactly what a man does. She can get equal reward for alternative work. Islam assures economic independence of women and their economic freedom if that will not interfere with their family duties. Women and men equally challenged in some activities. There are areas in which the challenge is to men just there are other areas in which the challenge is for women. Both men and women are required to be modest but in different ways. The woman is an individual and not an appendage of man. Islam ushered in a major social revolution by giving a woman her status as a person and not a mere appendage to the man. The Qur'an addresses women directly not through the agency of men. A woman must as an individual accept the Islamic creed to be a Muslim. Ibadat by a woman is her personal responsibility. She has a direct devotion to God without having any man intercede on her behalf. The woman is accountable for her work on earth and in the hereafter as an individual.
Differences: The sexes are not identical or equivalent. There are biological and psychological differences between them. The differences between men and women are for purposes of creating a harmonious society with division of responsibility to ensure complementarity. The woman’s participation in public leadership comes secondary to her role as a mother. The mother has an even more important role than the man because she brings up the future generation. A weak woman means a weak future generation. A weak mother cannot bring up children strong enough to stand up to imperialism and exploitation of their countries.
Complementarity: Islam fosters a dual and not unisex society. There should be no competition between the sexes. They should work together and have a just division of labor. Women are allies of men. Islam establishes interdependency and not individualism. Men and women need one another.
Gender Identity and Gender Differences
Each gender should accept its identity and not try to compete with or emulate the other (4:32). Gender identity is established very early in life. This is reinforced by gender socialization. Women are different from men biologically, psychologically, and emotionally. These differences are part of Allah's plan to create a balanced society. Differences do not confer consistent advantage or superiority to one gender to the disadvantage of the other. Women have certain biological and psychological advantages over men and vice versa. It is un-Islamic to look at these differences as justification for one gender dominating the other. They should instead be seen as a tool to reinforce complementation between the two.
The following are well established gender differences: (a) Men are superior to women in visual-spatial abilities, quantitative ability, and aggression (b) Women are superior in verbal ability (c) Communication styles of men and women differ. The other apparent differences are not so well established and are influenced by circumstances.
Difference, Equity, and Equality
Different does not automatically mean unequal. One of the greatest fallacies advocated by the feminist movement (new and old) was that the woman will have to behave like a man, work like him in order to achieve equality. What is needed is equity and not similarity. The apparent differences are mutually compensated for. For example the woman has the burden of child-bearing while the man has the financial burden.
The rules of Shariah and acts of worship in Islam apply equally to men and women. There are only a few differences in the details due to different natures of men and women and role prioritization. Women are excused from duties such as jihad and family maintenance because of their greater domestic duties but they can undertake them if men fail to fulfill their duty of if men's performance is not adequate and women have to complement. Rules of evidence apply differently to women because they are not used to commercial transactions. Women are similar to men in the testimony of the faith and zakat. Women are excused from congregational prayer and salat al juma because of their greater domestic responsibilities. They are excused from fasting when they are physiologically weakened by pregnancy or menstruation.
Women can participate fully in all political endeavors with the sole exception of being head of state. During the time of the prophet women participated openly in all public activities. They attended Isha prayers in the prophet's mosque. They attended both mixed public lectures as well special lectures for them. They could express their views on public affairs. In the selection and election of Othman, women were among those consulted. There were women engaged in business. Islamic law gives the women full competence to own and dispose of property. Working outside the home is associated with the following problems. The need for modesty and avoiding mixing with men limits employment choices. Neglect of the children could result into many social problems later. There are however conditions of necessity when the woman must work outside her house. In such a case she must have the permission of her wali and must follow the Islamic etiquettes when in public places. Islamic law forbids forced marriage of women. Shariah allows a woman to propose marriage. She can accept or reject any suitor. A woman can legally obtain a divorce from an unwilling husband. Men have special leadership roles in a conjugal relationship. It must however be remembered that the relationship started with free consent of the woman.
The Qur'an actually places very few restrictions on women. Most verse is restrictions on men to prevent their transgression against the rights and modesty of women. Women are not allowed to travel alone for fear of violence and violation of her rights. Jobs that interfere with the maternal role are not allowed. The law allows a woman to go out of her house to fulfill her needs. She can engage in baiyat, jihad, education/scholarship, politics, mosque, business, and public gatherings. Going out of the home should not result in a complete neglect of the home which can lead to instability of the marital relationship. Going out is restricted in societies that do not offer adequate protection for a woman outside the home. Some societies have sexual immorality that is encouraged when women walk out. Mixed gatherings of men and women are discouraged. The requirement of lowering the gaze, ghadh al basr, cannot be fulfilled in situations of continuous interaction. Thus the criterion for deciding whether women should attend mixed gatherings is that of temptation. If we are sure it will not occur, there is no reason for forbidding their attendance.
Excessive male jealousy sometimes leads to transgression against women's rights. Moderate jealousy is needed to preserve the family and the social order. Too much is negative and is destructive. In many societies the woman's status is defined in terms of her economic functions. Shariah gives the woman full property rights before and after marriage. On marriage the woman is entitled to financial support by the husband even if she is rich. The woman has her due share of inheritance. She can spend or use it as she wishes. There is no evidence that women participation in the work-force has increased economic productivity. With present technology women can concentrate on education of children without any damage to the economy. Education is a right that the husband and society cannot deny a woman. Ignorant mothers means ignorant youths and later ignorant citizens. The starting point for improving women status is education. Co-education has many disadvantages. Parallel education institutions for women are the solution.
TEXT ANALYSIS
Women Equal in Reward for Work Done
And in no wise covet those things in which Allah hath bestowed his gifts more freely on some of you than on others: to men is allotted what they earn and to women what they earn: but ask Allah of His bounty: for Allah hath full knowledge of all things. Qur'an 4:32
If any do deeds of righteousness be they male or female and have faith they will enter heaven and not the least injustice will be done to them. 4:124
Women and Men from Same Creation
It is He who created you from a single person and made his mate of like nature in order that he might dwell with her (in love). When they are united she bears a light burden and carries it about (unnoticed). When she grows heavy they both pray to Allah their Lord (saying): "if Thou givest us a goodly child we vow we shall (ever) be grateful.” Qur'an 7:189
Modesty
And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands their fathers their husbands' fathers their sons their husbands' sons their brothers or their brothers' sons or their sisters' sons or their women or the slaves whom their right hands possess or male servants free of physical needs or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex; and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments. And O ye Believers! Turn ye all together towards Allah that ye may attain Bliss. Qur'an 24:31
X.X.X Woman's Voice Heard
Allah has indeed heard (and accepted) the statement of the woman who pleads with thee concerning her husband and carries her complaint (in prayer) to Allah: and Allah (always) hears the arguments between both sides among you: for Allah hears and sees (all things). Qur'an 58:1
Women Allies of Men:
The believers, men and women, are protectors, one of another: they enjoin what is just and forbid what is evil: they observe regular charity, and obey Allah and his messenger; on them will Allah pour his mercy; for Allah is exalted in power, wise. Qur'an 9:71
Testimony of Woman Equal to That of Man in Accusation of Marital Infidelity
And for those who launch a charge against their spouses and have (in support) no evidence but their own their solitary evidence (can be received) if they bear witness four times (with an oath) by Allah that they are solemnly telling the truth; And the fifth (oath) (should be) that they solemnly invoke the curse of Allah on themselves if they tell a lie. But it would avert the punishment from the wife if she bears witness four times (with an oath) by Allah that (her husband) is telling a lie; and the fifth (oath) should be that she solemnly invokes the wrath of Allah on herself if (her accuser) is telling the truth. Qur’an 24:6-9
Prophet Gave Women Special Attention in the Mosque:
"Ibn Abbas reported: I bear testimony to the Messenger of Allah (May peace be upon him) offering prayer before Khutba. He ( after saying prayer ) delivered the Kutba, and he found that the women could not hear it, so he came to them and exhorted them and preached them and commanded them to give alms, and Billal had stretched his cloth and the women were throwing rings, earrings and other things. This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Ayyub with the same chain of transmitters". Muslim 2:417, Chapter 313, Hadith #1924
Women Not To Behave Like Men:
"Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: Allah's Apostle cursed those men who are in the similitude (assume the manners) of women and those women who are in the similitude (assume the manners) of men.". Bukhari 7:513, hadith #773
Examples of Good Women:
And Allah sets forth, as an example to those who believe the wife of Pharaoh behold she said: “O my Lord! Build for me, in nearness to a mansion in the garden, and save me from Pharaoh and his doings, and save me from those that do wrong. And Mary the daughter of Imran, who guarded her chastity: and we breathed into (her body) of our spirit; and she testified to the truth of the words of her Lord and of his one of the soviet (servants). Qur'an 66:11-12
Examples of Bad Women:
Allah sets forth, for an example to the unbelievers, the wife of Noah and the wife of Lut they were ( respectively ) under two of our righteous servants, but they were false to their ( husbands ) and they profited nothing before Allah on their account, but were told " enter you the fire along with ( other ) that enter! Qur'an 66:10
X.X.X Women and Baiyat
O Prophet! when believing women come to thee to take the oath of fealty to thee that they will not associate in worship any other thing whatever with Allah that they will not steal that they will not commit adultery (or fornication) that they will not kill their children that they will not utter slander intentionally forging falsehood and that they will not disobey thee in any just matter then do thou receive their fealty and pray to Allah for the forgiveness (of their sins): for Allah is Oft-Forgiving Most Merciful. Qur'an 61:12
Women Pledged Allegiance to the Prophet
"Narrated 'Ubada bin As-Samit: Allah's Apostle said to us while we were in a gathering, "Give me the oath (Pledge of allegiance for: (1) Not to join anything in worship along with Allah, (2) Not to steal, (3) Not to commit illegal sexual intercourse, (4) Not to kill your children, (5) Not to accuse an innocent person (to spread such an accusation among people), (6) Not to be disobedient (when ordered) to do good deeds. The Prophet added: Whoever amongst you fulfill his pledge, his reward will be with Allah, and whoever commits any of those sins and receives the legal punishment in this world for that sin, then that punishment will be an expiation for that sin, and whoever commits any of those sins and Allah does not expose him, then it is up to Allah if He wishes He will punish him or if He wishes, He will forgive him." So we gave the Pledge for that. (See Hadith No.17, vol.1). Bukhari 9:243-244, hadith # 320
Women Fighting Side By Side With Men:
"It has been narrated on the authority of Anas that, on the Day of Hunain, Umm Sulaim took out a dagger she had in her possession, Abu Talha saw her and said: Messenger of Allah, this is Umm Sulaim. She is holding a dagger. The Messenger of Allah (May peace be upon him) asked (her): What for are you holding this dagger? She said: I took it up so that I may tear open the belly of a polytheist who comes near me. The Messenger of Allah (May peace be upon him) began to smile (at these words). She said: Messenger of Allah, kill all those people other than us whom you have declared to be free (on the day of the Conquest of Mecca). (They embraced Islam because) they were defeated at your hands (and as such their Islam is not dependable). The Messenger of Allah (May peace be upon him) said: Umm Sulaim, God is sufficient (against the mischief of the polytheists) and He will be kind to us (so you need not carry this dagger)." Muslim 3:1001, Chapter 743, Hadith #4453
Initiative by Women in Education:
"Hazrat Ayesha says that the women of the Ansar are the best women. Shyness didn’t prevent them from questioning regarding religion and acquire religious understanding" Hayat 3:250
Prophet Set Aside Time to Teach Women:
“Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri: Some women requested the Prophet to fix a day for them as the men were taking all his time. On that he promised them one day for religious lessons and commandments. Once during such a lesson the Prophet said, "A woman whose three children die will be shielded by them from the Hell fire." On that a woman asked, "If only two die?" He replied, "Even two (will shield her from the Hell-fire)." Bukhari 1: 80-81, hadith # 101
Teaching Women:
Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: Once Allah's Apostle came out while Bilal was accompanying him. He went towards the women thinking that they had not heard him (i.e. his sermon). So he preached them and ordered them to pay alms. (Hearing that) the women started giving alms; some donated their ear-rings, some gave their rings and Bilal was collecting them in the corner of his garment.
Bukhari 1:78, hadith # 97
Ayesha A Model for Women:
"Qabisah bin Zuaib stated that Aishah was the most learned amongst all the people. The great and respectable Companions used to inquire propositions from her. Abu Salmah stated: I did not see anyone who knew his holiness’s sunnah more and more intelligent in giving opinion should his/her opinions be required nor more knowledgeable about the cause of the revelation of a verse and obligations as much as Aishah knew them" Hayat 3:294
Women Can Go Out To Fulfill Their Needs:
"Narrated Aisha: Sauda (the wife of the Prophet) went out to answer the call of nature after it was made obligatory (for all the Muslims ladies) to observe the veil. She was a fat huge lady, and everybody who knew her before could recognize her. So 'Umar bin Al-Khattab saw her and said, "O Sauda! By Allah, you cannot hide yourself from us, so think of a way by which you should not be recognized on going out. Sauda returned while Allah's Apostle was in my house taking his supper and a bone covered with meat was in his hand. She entered and said, "O Allah's Apostle! I went out to answer the call of nature and 'Umar said to me so-and-so." Then Allah inspired him (the Prophet) and when the state of inspiration was over and the bone was still in his hand as he had not put in down, he said (to Sauda), "You (women) have been allowed to go out for your needs.” Bukhari 6:300-301, hadith # 318
Women Should Attend Mosques
"Narrated Salim's father: The Prophet said, "If the wife of anyone of you asks permission to go to the mosque, he should not forbid her.". Bukhari 7:120, hadith # 165
Women Attended Fajr Prayers in Mosque:
"Narrated Aishah: The believing women covered with their veiling sheets used to attend the Fajr prayer with Allah's Apostle, and after finishing the prayer they would return to their home and nobody could recognize them because of darkness.” Bukhari 1:321, hadith # 552
Women Allowed in Mosques at Night
"Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri: Allah's Apostle said, "While I was sleeping I saw (in a dream) some people wearing shirts of which some were reaching up to the breasts only while others were even shorter than that. Umar bin Al-Khattab was shown wearing a shirt that he was dragging." The people asked, "How did you interpret it? (What is its interpretation?) Oh Allah's Apostle?" He (the Prophet) replied, "It is the Religion." Bukhari 1:10, hadith # 22
RACE OR ETHNICITY
Individuality of Every Person
Each individual has a unique biological and spiritual identity. Not all people will be the same even when given equal opportunities. Some individuals will achieve distinction because of: intelligence, special aptitudes, motivation, personality, and travel. These differences do not by themselves confer any superiority. The only true criterion of human excellence is taqwa and only Allah (SAW) can determine an individual’s level of taqwa.
Status is rank of an individual in relation to others. Each status requires certain roles. These roles are learned by the socialization process. The roles that you play help form your personality. The role personality may be different from the actual personality. A person playing several roles may experience role conflict. Status can be ascribed or achieved. Ascribed status is given by society regardless of qualifications. Achieved status is conferred in recognition of meaningful contributions to society.
Individuals differ in intelligence, knowledge, and understanding.
DISCUSSION
- What do you understand by racism? What are its manifestations and causes?
- What is your opinion about tribal, ethnic, or national pride? Is it uniformly good or bad?
- Describe the biological classification of the human species.
- Describe the first human community as described in the Qur’an and sunnat.
- What is your definition of a race, an ethnic group, a nation?
- What are the manifestations of biological diversity among humans?
- Can humans live without a community?
- How can the individuality be preserved and protected while living as a useful member of a community?
- For each of the following give the present situation of women participation and what you think is the ideal situation.
(a) Education
(b) Politics and Government
(c) Women in Factory Workforce
This is an exercise about role differentiation vs. discrimination. Give 2 examples from your experience or roles that are assigned to one gender and discuss whether that assignment is equitable division of labor or it involves discrimination
Role overlap between the genders: Give 2 examples from your experience of overlap of roles between men and men. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of overlap.
Homemaking as a career: What are your views on considering home-making as a satisfying career for a woman?
Woman as an Islamic worker: What are your views of the woman’s role as an Islamic worker undertaking public dawa duties?
Legal differences between men and women: Discuss the following table about legal differences between men and women.
Men Women
Signs of adulthood age menarche
Raise hands in salat yes no
Read aloud in salat yes no
Imaam of men in salat yes no
Traveling alone yes no
Give khutbat al Juma yes no
Wearing shoes in Hajj no yes
Missing tawaf al widae no yes (haiz)
Delay tawaf al ifadha no yes (haiz)
Travel Muzdalifa to Mina after first
Number of clothes buried in 2 5
Law of witness in commerce 1 2
Inheritance 2 portions 1 portion
Priority in child custody no yes
Being alone with a strange man yes no
Being alone with a strange woman yes no