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Lecture to 1st year medical students of the Kulliyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Kuantan on 10th January 1998; by Prof Dr Omar Hasan Kasule, Sr. Deputy Dean for Research and Post-graduate Affairs
OUTLINE
1.0 STAGES OF HUMAN LIFE
‘adam hayat al duniyat
hayat al barzakh hayat al akhirat
2.0 DEATHS AS A TRANSITIONAL EVENT
Qabdh al ruh Transition
Inevitable
3.0 PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE AFTER-LIFE
Physical Not metaphysical
Not spiritual
4.0 LIFE IN THE GRAVE
Burial Life
Communication Dreams
Ghosts
5.0 LIFE ON THE LAST DAY
Belief in the last day Names
Knowledge of date Physical experience
Pre events Events
Resurrection Judgment:
6.0 LIFE AFTER THE LAST DAY: JANNAT
Names Life
7.0 LIFE AFTER THE LAST DAY: HELL
Names Life
8.0 THE ISSUE OF ETERNITY
Eternity in paradise Eternity in hell
1.0 STAGES OF HUMAN LIFE
Life on earth is temporary. It must come to an end so that another level of existence must start. This applies equally well to individuals (ajal al insan) and communities or nations (ajal al umam). The human has to pass through 4 phases: non-existence (‘adam), life on earth (hayat al duniya), life in the grave or what is called the intermediate phase of (hayat al barzakh), and life in the hereafter (hayat al akhirat). Islam does not accept the concept of re-incarnation. Each human has only one earthly life which ends on death. Akhirat is a higher and better existence than the earthly life (p 34-35 3:14…102:1-8). Good people look forward to it. Bad people fear it or ignore its existence. Life in the hereafter whether in paradise or hell is everlasting (kuluud).
2.0 DEATHS AS A TRANSITIONAL EVENT
Deaths as a transitional event. It is inevitable (p 1154 3:154... 62:8). It occurs when the ruh is separated from the physical body. Humans do not know its appointed day (p 1155 31:34). Only Allah knows when death of each individual and that of the whole universe will occur (p 1154 2:28... 76:28). All humans will die and will have life after death (p 1156-7 3:168 …55:26). Death will be followed by life in the grave. All humans will be resurrected from their graves for the everlasting life of the hereafter. On resurrection the ruh rejoins its physical body.
3.0 PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE AFTER-LIFE
There will be life after death (p 1155-6 2:28 … 80:21-22). This is in fulfillment of one of Allah’s constant laws in creation: the parity of life and death and the interchange between life and death. Life after resurrection from the graves will be physical and not metaphysical or spiritual. The Qur’an has not provided details about this life whether it will be exactly like that on earth or there will be some differences. The Qur’an makes it clear that it will be physical life with physical bodies. It has described many physiological functions of that life that are exactly similar to those on earth. The resurrected humans will experience all events of the hereafter as physical beings. On resurrection people will be gathered in one place; all generations and all geographical areas will be together (al hashr ba’da al mawt). Those who committed transgressions will be punished in hell for a limited time with the exception of those who committed shirk who will be condemned to stay in hell for ever. Paradise (jannat) will be the permanent abode of the righteous.
4.0 LIFE IN THE GRAVE:
Burial: Humans are buried in graves (80:21). Burial in the grave (qabr) has both biological, social, and spiritual significance. On the biological level, burying the body prevents the spread of disease that would occur of it were left to decompose in the environment. Socially it is a demonstration of respect and honor for the human being who even in death is given a respectful send-off unlike most animals that just abandon their dead. Salat al janazat for the Muslim deceased is further consolidation of this respect. The Prophet even stood up in respect for a passing funeral procession of a Jew (MB# 667 p 332). The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was forbidden to perform salat al janazat for the hypocrites (munafiqin) who has forfeited the respect due to humans by their unbelief and treachery (9:84).
Events of the grave: Angels will question the deceased as soon as they are buried in their graves. The righteous will answer correctly whereas the evil ones will not know the answers. Knowledge of the correct answers is not academic it is more moral. Thus an evil person who learns the right answers to the questions while on earth will not be able to reproduce them in the grave. Everyone will be told their fate while they are still in the grave whether they will go to hell or to heaven (MB# 694 p 343). There will be rewards for the righteous in the grave and punishment for the wrong-doers while still in the grave (MB# 691 p 342). Finally the dead will be resurrected in a physical form on the last day (ba’ath, ihya al mawta, al hayat ba’da al mawt).
Life: There is life in the grave. This is transitional life between earthly life and life in the hereafter (hayat al barzakh). We do not have a detailed description of the nature of life in the grave. We however know that it is temporary and the stay of the human in the earthly grave is like a visit (102:2) in comparison with the length of the hereafter. Some authentic hadiths indicate existence of some physiological functions in the deceased in the graves such as shouting (MB# 674, p 334; MB# 692 p 343), hearing (MB# 689 p 342), and conscious understanding (MB# 690 p. 342).
Communication with the dead in the graves: There is no evidence for existence of ghosts or any other communication between the dead in the graves and living humans on earth. There is also no evidence that they can in any way influence events on earth. There is no evidence that the living can in any way influence events in the grave with the exception of prayers (dua) to Allah the almighty to have mercy on those in the grave and it is Allah’s privilege to do what He wants in such a situation; humans can not know for certain what is the final result from their dua.
Dreams: There is no evidence that dreams of the living about the dead are a form of true communication with them. It is only dreams by prophets that are considered true. Dreams of the humans are not always true and their interpretation is not a valid method of knowing anything about the dead.
5.0 LIFE ON THE LAST DAY (YAWM AL QIYAMAT)
Belief in the last day: It is part of iman to believe in the last day (p 33 2:4…65:2). Belief in the last day (p 178 2:4…70:26) gives meaning to human strife on earth and gives it a humanly understandable goal in a temporo-spatial dimension. The occurrence of the last day is certain (p 18 2:223…88:17-26). Denial of the last day is unbelief, kufr (p 36-37 4:136… 83:10-12). It is not difficult to understand and believe in the last day. It is logical that anything that is dynamic and undergoes changes must have a beginning and an end. No physical structure or phenomenon can be everlasting; each has a finite life-span. The earth and its contents cannot be an exception to this general rule. Everything except Allah must have a beginning and an end. Only Allah has a permanent eternal existence (p 203 2:248…69:6). It is only Allah who is infinite. Qur’anic names for the last day: The Qur’an has described the last day in many ways; each of these ways gives us more understanding of the nature of the last day: al haaqat (p 25 69:1-3), dar al akhirat (p 25 2:94…33:29), al sa’at (p 25-26 6:31…79:42), al saaqat (p 26 80:33), the great calamity, al taamat al kubra (p 25 79:34), al ghashiat (p 26 88:10), al qari’at (p 26 101:1-3), al mi’ad (p 26 3:9…39:20), al waqi’at (p 26 56:1 …69:15), yawm al akhir (p 26-27 2:8…65:2), yawm al azifat (p 27 40:18), yawm al ba’ath (p 27 30:56), yawm al taghabun (p 27 64:9), yawm al talaaqi (p 27 40:15), yawm al tanadi (p 27 40:32), yawm al jam’u (p 28 42:7…64:9), yawm al hisaab (p 28 38:16…40:27), yawm al hasrat (p 28 19:39), yawm al khuruj (p 28 50:42), yawm al khulud (p 28 50:34), yawm al ddiin (p 28 1:4…83:11), yawm al fath (p 28 32:29), yawm al fasl (p 28 37:21…78:17), yawm al qiyamat (p 28-30 2:85…75:6), yawm al wa’id (p 30 50:20), yawm al waqt al ma’alum (p 30 15:37-38…38:80-81).
Knowledge of the last day: The knowledge of the last day is with Allah alone (ghaib mutlaq) (7:187, 33:63, 67:26, 79:42-46). Only Allah knows the time when an individual life will end or when the whole earth or the universe will come to an end. Humans must therefore continue working hard in the suspense that the end could come anytime. They must ensure that they are ready for the end whenever it comes.
Physical experience of the events of the last day: After resurrection, humans will experience all events of the last day in their physical human form as conscious participants.
Events before the last day: The last day will be preceded by several events that will herald its arrival (ashraat al sa’at & muqaddimaat al sa’at) (p 30 47:18…99:1-5, p 37 82:30). Most of them will be drastic and frightening and will involve all the familiar physical phenomena of the universe that will change or even be destroyed. The Qur’an has in a very graphic way described changes in the following on the last day: mountains, heavens, the moon, the sun, and the earth. There will be violent shaking of the earth (zilzal) and frightening noises.
Events of the last day: Many events and phenomena will occur on the last day (mashahid al qiyamat). The horn will be blown to herald resurrection (p 25 6:73 … 33:29). Resurrection (ba’ath) will be the first event of the last day (p 19 6:26…86:8-10). People will be gathered (hashr, p 23 2:203…10: 9-10), their work record will be presented (‘ardah p 24 11:18…69:18, 17:13-14) and accounts of their deeds will be made (hisaab p 20 2:281…102:8). Justice will be established (tahqiiq al ‘adl (p 33 42:71…50:24-29), the balance or scale (mizan) (p 24 7:8…101:6-11). Each will be judged according to their performance (p 23 2:212…50:24-29). Every act however small will be accounted for (21:47, 99:7-8).
Resurrection: Belief in the hereafter is closely related to belief in resurrection. People will have to rise from the dead to face judgment and to be rewarded or punished. It is surprising that some people find it difficult to believe in resurrection. The concept of resurrection is quite logical and is commonsense. Allah who created humans and the whole universe from nothing could surely bring them back to life! A lot of empirical evidence points to the occurrence of resurrection (p 199-200 35:9…79:27-33). There are many biological phenomena that people see daily that should convince them that resurrection will occur. Human biology itself is evidence of resurrection (p 200 36:77-79…82:6-8). Cells in living things die every day and new ones arise by the processes of mitosis and meiosis. All living things go through a life-cycle of birth, growth, maturation, reproduction, and death.
Judgment, reward, and punishment: The last day with the associated rewards and punishment acts as a motivator for humans to work hard and to do good. There will be reward for good work and punishment for bad work (23:101-115, 30:12-16, 64:9-10, 84:1-15, 79:34-41, 32:20, 39:71-74, 69:18-37). Humans, unlike other living things, were given a free will. They will be judged on how well they used that free will. Animals without such a free will not face any judgment. There is so much transgression and dhulm in the world that a fair God cannot let the wrong-doers go without punishment. If this were the situation there would then be no motivation for doing good.
6.0 LIFE AFTER THE LAST DAY: JANNAT
Names: The Qur’an has used several names to refer to paradise (jannat): ‘And (p 290 9:72 … 98:8) , ghurfat (p 291 25:75, 29:58, 34:37), firdaus (18:107, 23:11), jannat al khuld (25:15), jannat al ma’wat (32:19, 53:15, 79:41), jannat al naim (5:65 … 70:38), dar al salam(6:127, 10:25), dar al muqamah(35:35).
Life in jannat: the Qur’an has described life in jannat as very good such that the righteous look forward to it (p 291-2 2:25... 98:8). There are many bounties and comforts (p 293-296 2:25... 78:16). These will be enjoyed in a physical form like eating, drinking and sexual pleasure. There will be comfortable houses, carpets, and servants. There will however be a big difference in quality as compared to the earth. People in jannat will drink (p 620 7:50 .. 83:25-28) and eat (p 744 13:35 … 77:42-43) what is not even imaginable on earth. They will enjoy these physical comforts without the biological and psychological stresses of life on earth. They for example will have no want or craving for anything because whatever they just think about will immediately be available. There will be jealousies and bad feelings that arise among people on earth that look at the resources as limited and not enough to satisfy everybody.
7.0 LIFE AFTER THE LAST DAY: HELL
Names: The Qur’an has used several names to describe hell: jahannam (p 1173-4 2:206 … 98:6), hatamat (10:4-5), sa’ir (p 1174 4:10 … 84:12), and saqar (54:48, 74: 26-27, 74:42).
Life in hell: Hell is the abode of the unbelievers and wrong-doers (p 1176 6:27... 102:6-7). It is a place of punishment (p 1177 14:15-17 … 88:5-8). The Qur’an has described life in hell as bad and frightening (p 1175 2:24… 92:14). There are many punishments one of which is physical burning (p 1175-6 3:181... 85:10). The physiological processes on earth will also occur in hell but will be a means of punishment and not satisfying physiological needs. The drink (p 620 6:70... 78:24-25) and food (p 744 44:43-45 … 88:6-7) of the people of hell will not quench thirst or relieve hunger but will be a punishment.
8.0 THE ISSUE OF ETERNITY:
There will be no more death after the last day ( p 1158 14:17 … 87:13). Those who enter paradise will stay there permanently (p 402 2:25 … 98:8). Hell will be permanent for certain categories of offenders (p 403-4-404 2:39 … 98:6). Those with minor offences will spend a time of punishment in hell and then be forgiven and enter paradise.
HADITH REFERENCES
Narrated Abdullah bin Umar: Allah’s Messenger (PBUH) said, “When anyone of you dies, he is shown his place both in the morning and in the afternoon. If he is one of the people of Paradise; he is shown his place in it, and if he is from the people of the Hell-fire; he is shown his place therein. Then it is said to him, this is your place till Allah resurrect you on the Day of Resurrection.”
Narrated Asma bint Abi Bakr: Allah’s Messenger (PBUH) one stood up delivering a khutba (religious talk) and mentioned the afflictions and trials which people will face in their grave. When he mentioned that, the Muslims started crying loudly.
Narrated Anas: The Prophet (PBUH) said, when a human being is laid in his grave and his companions return and he even hears their footsteps, two angels come to him and make him sit and ask him: “What did you use to say about this man, Muhammad (PBUH)?” He will say: “I testify that he is Allah’s slave and his messenger,” then it will be said to him, “look at your place in the hell-fire. Allah has changed for you a place in Paradise instead of it.” Then prophet (PBUH) added, “The dead person will see both his places. But a disbeliever or a hypocrite will say to the angels, I do not know, but I used to say what the people used to say! It will be said to him, neither did you know nor did you take the guidance (by following the Qur’an), then he will be hit with an iron hammer between his two ear, and he will cry and that cry will be heard by whatever near to him except human beings and jinns.”
Narrated Abu Ayub: Once the prophet (PBUH) went out after sunset and heard a (dreadful) voice, and said, “The Jews are being punished in their graves.”
Narrated Ibn Umar: The prophet (PBUH) looked at the dead people of the well (the well in which there were the bodies of those pagans killed during the battle of Badr) and said, “Have you found true what your Lord promised you?” Somebody said to him, “You are addressing dead people.” He replied, “You do not hear better than they but they cannot reply.”
Narrated Aisha: The prophet said, “They (the Quraish pagans killed during the battle of badr) now realize that what I used to tell them was the truth.” And Allah said, Verily! You cannot make the dead to hear (i.e. benefit them, and similarly the disbelievers) nor can you make the deaf hear.”