220804P - ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS DETERMINANTS OF SUSTAINABLE HEALTH

Presented at ICHS2022 Jakarta held on 24-25 August 2022. By Prof. Omar Hasan Kasule Sr. MB ChB (MUK). MPH (Harvard), DrPH (Harvard) Professor of Epidemiology and Bioethics

 
1.0 SIHHAT AND AAFIYAT -1:

• Physical health (sihhat) and stress-free time (faraagh) are the greatest bounties of Allah that many people miss.
• Many people miss the bounties of physical and mental well-being. Bukhari 6412.
• البخاري كتاب الرقائق«نِعْمَتَانِ مَغْبُونٌ فِيهِمَا كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ، الصِّحَّةُ وَالْفَرَاغُ
• Faraagh is a manifestation of stress-free mental or psycho-social health. A sick person has no faraagh.
• Aafiyat means full health both physical and mental.
• Only when people fall sick do they realize the bounties of well-being that they enjoy every day of their life? There are still many who do not reach this realization and learn nothing from their illness.

2.0 SIHHAT AND AAFIYAT -2:

• The prophet argued we benefit from our health before we fall sick and benefit from our free time before we get busy. AL Albani in Sahih al Targhib No 3355.
• (اغْتَنِمْ خَمْسًا قبلَ خَمْسٍ: شَبابَكَ قبلَ هِرَمِكَ، وصِحَّتَكَ قبلَ سَقَمِكَ، وغِناكَ قبلَ فَقْرِكَ، وفَرَاغَكَ قبلَ شُغْلِكَ، وحَياتَكَ قبلَ مَوْتِككَ) رواه الألباني، في صحيح الترغيب، عن عبد الله بن عباس، الصفحة أو الرقم: 3355.

3.0  PRAYING FOR AAFIYAH:

• The Prophet urged us to pray for ‘aafiyah. Tirmidhi 3514.
• وروى الترمذي عن العباس بن عبد المطلب قال: قلت: يا رسول الله؛ علمني شيئًا أسأله الله عز وجل، قال: سل الله العافية، فمكثت أيامًا ثم جئت فقلت: يا رسول الله علمني شيئًا أسأله الله، فقال لي: يا عباس يا عم رسول الله: سل الله العافية في الدنيا والآخرة. صححه الترمذي والألباني أيضا.
• The prophet taught specific dua for ‘aafiyah. Abu Daud
• اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ الْعَافِيَةَ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَالآخِرَةِ، اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ الْعَفْوَ وَالْعَافِيَةَ فِي دِينِي وَدُنْيَايَ وَأَهْلِي وَمَالِي، اللَّهُمَّ استُرْ عَوْرَاتي، وآمِنْ رَوْعَاتي، اللَّههمَّ احْفَظْنِي مِنْ بَينِ يَدَيَّ، ومِنْ خَلْفي، وَعن يَميني، وعن شِمالي، ومِن فَوْقِي، وأعُوذُ بِعَظَمَتِكَ أنْ أُغْتَالَ مِنْ تَحتي. رواه البو داود والنسائي وابن ماجه واحمد والحاكم واللفظ من بلوغ المرام.
• The prophet taught us to pray for sustained ‘aafiyah on earth and in the hereafter. Abudaud 5074
• اللَّهُمَّ إنا نسألك العفو والعافية والمعافاة الدائمة في الدين والدنيا والآخرة.

4.0 ILLNESS OF THE HEART AND THE BODY:

• Qur’an focused a lot on disease of the heart because it leads to physical disease. Baqara:10
• فِى قُلُوبِهِم مَّرَضٌ فَزَادَهُمُ ٱللَّهُ مَرَضًا ۖ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌۢ بِمَا كَانُواْ يَكْذِبُونَ.. البقرة ١٠
• Physical conditions cause illness: Ayyub has a serious skin condition. Anbiya: 83-84
• وَأَيُّوبَ إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّهُ أَنِّي مَسَّنِيَ الضُّرُّ وَأَنتَ أَرْحَمُ الرَّاحِمِينَ) فَاسْتَجَبْنَا لَهُ فَكَشَفْنَا مَا بِهِ مِن ضُرٍّ ۖ وَآتَيْنَاهُ أَهْلَهُ وَمِثْلَهُم مَّعَهُمْ رَحْمَةً مِّنْ عِندِنَا وَذِكْرَىٰ لِلْعَابِدِينَ. الأنبياء ٨٣-٨٤ (84) وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِدْرِيسَ وَذَا الْكِفْلِ ۖ كُلٌّ مِّنَ الصَّابِرِينَ 

5.0 SUSTAINABLE HEALTH OF THE INDIVIDUAL IS ACHIEVED WITHIN A HEALTHY COMMUNITY:

• We work on improving the community and individual health will follow.
• The experience of developed countries and some developing countries was that general social improvement translated into better health with the exception being vaccination to prevent childhood infections which depended on specific immunization technology.
• The Qur’an used the word ‘qariyat’ and ‘madinat’ to refer to community. The word ‘qariyat’ singular or plural was mentioned in the Qur’an 57 times and the word ‘madinat’ was mentioned 17 times.
• The Qur’an described the good and the bad communities. We emulate good communities and avoid bad communities.

6.0 BAD COMMUNITIES: IMMORALITY, TRANSGRESSION:

• Getting out of a transgressing village. Alnisa:75
• رَبَّنَا أَخْرِجْنَا مِنْ هَٰذِهِ الْقَرْيَةِ الظَّالِمِ أَهْلُهَا .النساء ٧٥ 
• A transgressing village. Hajj:48
• وَكَأَيِّنْ مِنْ قَرْيَةٍ أَمْلَيْتُ لَهَا وَهِيَ ظَالِمَةٌ .الحج ٤٨
• Punishment from the heavens Ankabut:134
• إِنَّا مُنْزِلُونَ عَلَىٰ أَهْلِ هَٰذِهِ الْقَرْيَةِ رِجْزًا مِنَ السَّمَاء. عنكبوت ١٣٤ 
• Destruction of villages. Araf: 4
• وَكَم مِّن قَرْيَةٍ أَهْلَكْنَاهَا فَجَاءَهَا بَأْسُنَا بَيَاتًا أَوْ هُمْ قَائِلُونَ. الأعراف ٤

6.0 BAD COMMUNITIES: IMMORALITY, TRANSGRESSION, con’t - 1:

• Evil people in the village. Naml: 48
• وَكَانَ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ تِسْعَةُ رَهْطٍ يُفْسِدُونَ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَلَا يُصْلِحُونَ . النمل ٤٨ 
• Lut saved from the evil village Anbiya:74
• وَلُوطًا آَتَيْنَاهُ حُكْمًا وَعِلْمًا وَنَجَّيْنَاهُ مِنَ الْقَرْيَةِ الَّتِي كَانَتْ تَعْمَلُ الْخَبَائِثَ إِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا قَوْمَ سَوْءٍ فَاسِقِينَ. الأنبياء ٧٤
• The powerful in the villages denied the messages sent to them. Saba:35
• وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا فِي قَرْيَةٍ مِنْ نَذِيرٍ إِلَّا قَالَ مُتْرَفُوهَا إِنَّا بِمَا أُرْسِلْتُمْ بِهِ كَافِرُونَ وَقَالُوا نَحْنُ أَكْثَرُ أَمْوَالًا وَأَوْلَادًا وَمَا نَحْنُ بِمُعَذَّبِينَ. سبا ٣٥

6.0 BAD COMMUNITIES: IMMORALITY, TRANSGRESSION, con’t - 2:

• Villages denied messengers. Yasin 14
• وَاضْرِبْ لَهُمْ مَثَلًا أَصْحَابَ الْقَرْيَةِ إِذْ جَاءَهَا الْمُرْسَلُونَ إِذْ أَرْسَلْنَا إِلَيْهِمُ اثْنَيْنِ فَكَذَّبُوهُمَا فَعَزَّزْنَا بِثَالِثٍ فَقَالُوا إِنَّا إِلَيْكُمْ مُرْسَلُونَ. يس ١٤
• Destruction of transgressing villages. Kahf 59
•  وَتِلْكَ الْقُرَى أَهْلَكْنَاهُمْ لَمَّا ظَلَمُوا وَجَعَلْنَا لِمَهْلِكِهِمْ مَوْعِدًا. كهف٥٩
• Sexual immorality in the city. Yusuf:30
• وَقَالَ نِسْوَةٌ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ امْرَأَتُ الْعَزِيزِ تُرَاوِدُ فَتَاهَا عَن نَّفْسِهِ قَدْ شَغَفَهَا حُبًّا. يوسف ٣٠ 

7.0 GOOD COMMUNITIES: PEACE, TRANQUILITY:

• Safe and calm village. Nahl: 112
• وَضَرَبَ اللَّهُ مَثَلًا قَرْيَةً كَانَتْ آمِنَةً مُطْمَئِنَّةً. النحل ١١٢ 
• Plenty to eat. Baqara 58
• وَإِذْ قُلْنَا ادْخُلُوا هَٰذِهِ الْقَرْيَةَ فَكُلُوا مِنْهَا حَيْثُ شِئْتُمْ رَغَدًا . البقرة ٥٨
• Plenty to eat. Araf 161
• وَإِذْ قِيلَ لَهُمُ اسْكُنُوا هَٰذِهِ الْقَرْيَةَ وَكُلُوا مِنْهَا حَيْثُ شِئْتُمْ. الأعراف ١٦١ 
• Security. Saba 18
• وَجَعَلْنَا بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ الْقُرَى الَّتِي بَارَكْنَا فِيهَا قُرًى ظَاهِرَةً وَقَدَّرْنَا فِيهَا السَّيْرَ سِيرُوا فِيهَا لَيَالِيَ وَأَيَّامًا آمِنِينَ. سبا ١٨

8.0 FACTORS OF SUSTAINABILITY - 1:

• Start with a sincere intention because actions are judged by the underlying intentions. Bukhari and Muslim
• إنما الأعمال بالنيات، وإنما لكل امرئ ما نوى. رواه البخاري و مسلم
• Do what you can (what is feasible). Baqara:286
• لَا يُكَلِّفُ اللَّهُ نَفْسًا إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا ۚ لَهَا مَا كَسَبَتْ وَعَلَيْهَا مَا اكْتَسَبَتْ ۗ رَبَّنَا لَا تُؤَاخِذْنَا إِن نَّسِينَا أَوْ أَخْطَأْنَا ۚ رَبَّنَا وَلَا تَحْمِلْ عَلَيْنَا إِصْرًا كَمَا حَمَلْتَهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِنَا ۚ رَبَّنَا وَلَا تُحَمِّلْنَا مَا لَا طَاقَةَ لَنَا بِهِ ۖ وَاعْفُ عَنَّا وَاغْفِرْ لَنَا وَارْحَمْنَا ۚ أَنتَ مَوْلَانَا فَانصُرْنَا عَلَى الْقَوْمِ الْكَافِرِينَ. البقرة 286
• Doing the right thing consistently even if small. Bukhari 6465
• أَحَبُّ العمل إلى الله أَدْوَمُهُ وإنْ قَلَّ. اخرجه البخاري

9.0 FACTORS OF SUSTAINABILITY - 2:

• Do not stop doing a good thing . Bukhari 1152
• ن عبد الله بن عمور قالَ لي رَسولُ اللَّهِ صلَّى اللهُ عليه وسلَّمَ: يا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ، لا تَكُنْ مِثْلَ فُلانٍ؛ كانَ يَقُومُ اللَّيْلَ، فَتَرَكَ قِيَامَ اللَّيْلِ. البخاري١١٥٢!
• Continue until the end actions are judged by their end. Sahih Ibn Habbaan 340
• قد صح هذا الحديث عن النبي -صلى الله عليه وسلم-، وأخرجه ابن حبان في صحيحه بلفظ: إنَّما الأعمالُ بالخواتيم
• Do your part the results will show. Surat Taubah: 105
• وَقُلِ اعْمَلُوا فَسَيَرَى اللَّهُ عَمَلَكُمْ وَرَسُولُهُ وَالْمُؤْمِنُونَ ۖ وَسَتُرَدُّونَ إِلَىٰ عَالِمِ الْغَيْبِ وَالشَّهَادَةِ فَيُنَبِّئُكُم بِمَا كُنتُمْ تَعْمَلُونَ التوبة 105)
• Do not say what you do not do. Saff 2-3.
• يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لِمَ تَقُولُونَ مَا لَا تَفْعَلُونَ. كَبُرَ مَقْتًا عِنْدَ اللَّهِ أَنْ تَقُولُوا مَا لَا تَفْعَلُونَ. الصثف ٢-٣

10.0 PROBLEM OF SLOGANS: WORDS WITHOUT ACTIONS:

• Alma Ata Declaration in 1978 Health for All by 2000.
• Health for all by 2000 = every individual should have access to primary health care
• Where are we?
• Public disappointment and disenchantment when slogans are not translated into tangible results

11.0 WORLD HEALTH DAY THEMES in the 1950s:

• 1950 Know Your Health Services
• 1951 Health for Your Child and World’s Children
• 1952 Healthy surroundings make Healthy people
• 1953 Health is Wealth
• 1954 The Nurse: Pioneer of Health
• 1955 Clean water means better health
• 1956 Destroy disease carrying Insects
• 1957 Food for All
• 1958 Ten years of Health progress
• 1959 Mental Illness and Mental Health in the World of Today

12.0 WORLD HEALTH DAY THEMES in the 1960s:

• 1960 Malaria eradication – A world challenge
• 1961 Accidents and their Prevention
• 1962 Preserve sight - Prevent Blindness
• 1963 Hunger = Disease of millions
• 1964 No Truce for Tuberculosis
• 1965 Smallpox – constant alert
• 1966 Man and His Cities
• 1967 Partners in Health
• 1968 Health in the World of Tomorrow
• 1969 Health, Labor, and Productivity

13.0 WORLD HEALTH DAY THEMES in the 1970s:

• 1970 Early Detection of Cancer Saves Life
• 1971 A full life despite Diabetes
• 1972 Your Heart is your Health
• 1973 Health begins at Home
• 1974 Better Food for a Healthier World
• 1975 Smallpox: Point of no return
• 1976 Foresight Prevents Blindness
• 1977 Immunize and protect your Child
• 1978 Down with High Blood pressure
• 1979 A Healthy Child: A sure future

14.0 WORLD HEALTH DAY THEMES in the 1980s:

• 1980 Smoking or Health: Choice is yours
• 1981 Health for All by the year 2000 AD
• 1982 Add life to years
• 1983 Health for All by the year 2000 AD: Count down has begun
• 1984 Children’s Health: Tomorrow’s Wealth
• 1985 Healthy Youth- Our Best Resource
• 1986 Healthy living: Every one a winner
• 1987 Immunization: A Chance for every Child
• 1988 Health for All: All for Health
• 1989 Let’s Talk Health

15.0 WORLD HEALTH DAY THEMES in the 1990s:

• 1990 Our Planet our Earth: Think Globally Act Locally
• 1991 Should Disaster Strike, be prepared
• 1992 Heartbeat: A Rhythm of Health
• 1993 Handle Life with care: Prevent Violence and Negligence
• 1994 Oral Health for a healthy life
• 1995 World without Polio by 2000- A global strategy
• 1996 Healthy Cities for better Life
• 1997 Emerging Infectious Diseases: Global Response Global Alert
• 1998 Safe Motherhood: Pregnancy is special- Let’s make it safe
• 1999 Active aging makes the difference

16.0 WORLD HEALTH DAY THEMES in the 2000s:

• 2000 Safe blood starts with me – Blood saves Life
• 2001 Stop exclusion-Dare to Care
• 2002 Move for Health
• 2003 Healthy Environment for Children
• 2004 Road Safety is “NO Accidents”
• 2005 Every mother and Child counts
• 2006 Working together for health
• 2007 Invest in health, build a safer future.
• 2008 Protecting Health from climate change
• 2009 Save lives! Make hospitals safe in emergencies.

17.0 WORLD HEALTH DAY THEMES in the 2010s:

• 2010 “1000 cities – 1000 lives”
• 2011 Antimicrobial resistance and its global spread
• 2012 Good health adds life to years - Ageing & Health
• 2013 High Blood Pressure- Hypertension
• 2014 Small bite, big threat
• 2015 Food Safety- From Farm To Plate, Make Food Safe
• 2016 Beat Diabetes- Prevent, Treat, Beat Diabetes
• 2017 Depression- Let’s Talk
• 2018 Universal Health Coverage- Everyone, Everywhere
• 2019 “Health For All – Everyone, Everywhere”

18.0 WORLD HEALTH DAY THEMES in the 2010s:

• 2020 Support Nurses And Midwives
• 2021 Building a Fairer, Healthier World
• 2022 our planet our health

19.0 SUSTAINED BEHAVIORAL PREVENTION OF INFECTOUS DISEASES:

• Covering vessels
• غَطُّوا الإِنَاءَ وَأَوْكوا السِّقَاءَ
• Do not breathe into vessels
• إِذَا شَرِبَ أَحَدُكُمْ فَلاَ يَتَنَفَّسْ فِي الإِنَاءِ
• Washing hands before and after food. Tirmidhi and Abudaud
•  بركة الطعام الوضوء قبله، والوضوء بعده.

20.0 SUSTAINED BEHAVIORAL PREVENTION OF OBESITY:

• Hadith of thirds. Tirmidhi 2830
• مَا مَلأَ آدَمِي وِعَاءً شَرًّا مِنْ بَطْنٍ بِحَسْبِ ابْنِ آدَمَ أُكُلاَتٌ يُقِمْنَ صُلْبَهُ فَإِنْ كَانَ لاَ مَحَالَةَ فَثُلُثٌ لِطَعَامِهِ وَثُلُثٌ لِشَرَابِهِ وَثُلُثٌ لِنَفَسِهِ
• No excesses in food intake. Araf:31
• يَا بَنِي آدَمَ خُذُواْ زِينَتَكُمْ عِندَ كُلِّ مَسْجِدٍ وكُلُواْ وَاشْرَبُواْ وَلاَ تُسْرِفُواْ إِنَّهُ لاَ يُحِبُّ الْمُسْرِفِينَ.

21.0 SUSTAINED TREATMENT OF DISEASE:

• There is treatment for every disease. Ahmad 3578
• تَدَاوَوْا عبادَ اللهِ، ما أَنْزَلَ اللهُ مِن داءٍ إلا وقد أَنْزَلَ لَهُ شِفَاءً
• Cure of the Prophet Ayyub. Sad 42
• وَاذْكُرْ عَبْدَنَا أَيُّوبَ إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّهُ أَنِّي مَسَّنِيَ الشَّيْطَانُ بِنُصْبٍ وَعَذَابٍ . ارْكُضْ بِرِجْلِكَ هَٰذَا مُغْتَسَلٌ بَارِدٌ وَشَرَابٌ
• Cure is eventually from Allah. Shuara:80
• وَإِذَا مَرِضْتُ فَهُوَ يَشْفِين

22.0 SUSTAINED BEHAVIORAL PROMOTION OF HEALTH:

• Teaching youths physical activity. Omar Ibn AlKhattab
• علموا أولادكم الرماية والسباحة وركوب الخيل
• The Prophet engaged in foot racing
• رواها الإمام أحمد وأبو داود والنسائي وابن ماجه، ولفظ الحديث عن عائشة رضي الله عنها أنها كانت مع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في سفر. قالت: فسابقته فسبقته على رجلي، فلما حملت اللحم سابقته فسبقني. فقال: "هذه بتلك السبقة“
• The Prophet climbed mountains
• حَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَشَّارٍ ، حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى ، عَنْ سَعِيدٍ ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ ، أَنَّ أَنَسَ بْنَ مَالِكٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ حَدَّثَهُمْ ، أَنّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ صَعِدَ أُحُدًا وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ , وَعُمَرُ , وَعُثْمَانُ فَرَجَفَ بِهِمْ ، فَقَالَ : " اثْبُتْ أُحُدُ فَإِنَّمَا عَلَيْكَ نَبِيٌّ وَصِدِّيقٌ وَشَهِيدَانِ 

23.0 SUSTAINABLE HEALTH IN THE QARIYAN TAYYIBAN:

• Rebuild and support the extended family as a health and mutual self-support (takaful) unit
• Economic justice
• Mutual consultation
• Rule of law
• Self-government as much as possible: local problems require local solutions