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Presented by Professor Omar Hasan Kasule Sr. on 1st May 2010. The questions are in a rough preliminary form to be discussed by a committee and formulated in the final shape.
ETHICAL THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES
1. The following statements are true about law and ethics except
A. Islamic Law is not always comprehensive; some issues are not covered
B. Islamic law is a combination of moral and positive laws.
C. Secular law denies moral considerations associated with ‘religion’.
D. Secular law can solve issues in medicine requiring moral considerations
E. Muslims do not need a special discipline on medical ethics
2. The following are international documents about ethics except
A. Declaration of Geneva
B. Declaration of Tokyo
C. Declaration of New York
D. Declaration of Helsinki
E. International Declaration of Human rights.
3. The following statements are true about European ethics except
A. Normative ethics is what ought to be done
B. Practical ethics is what most people do
C. Non-normative ethics is what is actually going on
D. Secularism can deal with moral issues consistently
E. Morality is communal consensus about what is right and what is wrong.
4. The following statements are true about European ethics except
A. Ethics are relative and changeable with change of community values.
B. European law does not follow a consistent moral guideline.
C. European law automatically bans all what is immoral
D. European law does not automatically permit all what is moral.
E. European law automatically promote or protect all what is moral
A. Morality in Islam is absolute and is of divine origin.
B. The Law is the expression and practical manifestation of morality.
C. The Law automatically bans all immoral actions as haram
D. The Law automatically permits all what is moral unless it can lead to haram
E. The Islamic approach to ethics is based on fixed absolute considerations
6. The following statements are true about Islamic ethics except
A. Islam considers medical ethics the same as ethics in other areas of life.
B. Islamic medical ethics is application of general Islamic principles in medicine
C. The Islamic ethical theories and principles are derived from the basic law
D. Detailed applications of principles require further ijtihad by physicians.
E. Islamic ethics cannot in any way be useful to non-Muslims
7. The following statements are true about ethical theories
A. There is no one coherent European theory of ethics
B. There are 8 European ethical theories none of which is sufficient on its own
C. The ethical theory of Islam parsimonious and is rigorously defined
D. The ethical theory of Islam based on the 5 maqasid al shari’at.
E. European ethical theories are universally applicable.
8. The following are ethical principles as stated by Beauchamp and Childress except
A. Autonomy
B. Avoiding doubts
C. Non malefacence
D. Justice.
E. Protection of Life
9. The following are the Islamic ethical principles
A. Intention, qasd
B. Certainty, yaqiin
C. Harm, dharar
D. Life, nafs
E. Hardship, mashaqqat
10. The following statements are true about the purpose of protection of diin
A. Medical treatment enables worshippers to have energy for 'ibadat
B. Balanced mental health is necessary for understanding 'aqidat
C. Healthy factory workers cannot be considered to be undertaking ibadat
D. Healthy and strong citizens defend the freedom of religious practice
E. Medical practitioners' decisions and actions can encourage immorality in society
11. The following statements are true about the purpose of protecting life
A. The primary purpose of medicine is preservation of life, hifdh al nafs.
B. Medicine in advanced countries can prevent or postpone death
C. The main purpose of medicine is quality of life until the appointed time of death
D. Health promotion and disease prevention are not part of life preservation
E. Disease treatment and rehabilitation are part of life preservation
12. The following statements are true about protection of progeny, hifdh al nasl
A. Good pediatric care ensures healthy adults who can bear children.
B. Treatment of infertility ensures successful child bearing.
C. Prenatal and perinatal care ensure that children are born healthy.
D. Intra-partum care, infant and child care ensure survival of healthy children.
E. Maternal education contributes nothing to protection of progeny
13. The following statements are true about protection of the mind, hifdh al ‘aql
A. Medical treatment plays no role in protection of the mind.
B. Treatment of physical illnesses removes stress that affects the mental state.
C. Treatment of neuroses and psychoses restores intellectual functions.
D. Medical treatment of alcohol and drug abuse prevents deterioration of the intellect.
E. Treatment of emotional disorders is nor part of protection of the mind
14. The following statements are true about protection of wealth, hifdh al mal
A. Community wealth depends on the productive activities of its healthy citizens.
B. Medicine contributes to the national economy by preventing disease
C. Enforced contraception helps improve the national economy by population control
D. The purposes of protecting life and protecting wealth conflict during terminal care
E. Waste of hospital supplies is wrong but is not a religious sin.
15. The following statements are true about the principle of intention
A. Each action is judged by the intention behind it
B. The physician relies on science and need not consult inner conscience
C. What matters is the intention and not the letter of the law
D. Information can be used to justify wrong or immoral actions.
E. Means are not judged with the same criteria as the intentions
F. Medicine can be useful even if practiced using immoral methods.
16. The following statements are true about the principle of certainty
A. Medical diagnosis can reach the legal standard of yaqeen.
B. Treatment decisions are best on a balance of probabilities.
C. A diagnosis if properly made cannot be changed by new information
D. All procedures are permissible unless there is evidence to prove prohibition.
E. All sex-related matters are forbidden unless there is evidence of permissibility.
17. The following statements are true about the principle of injury, dharar
A. Medical intervention is justified on the basic principle of alleviating injury
B. An injury should be relieved even if an injury of the same magnitude results
C. Prevention of harm has priority over pursuit of a benefit of equal worth.
D. If a procedure has both haram and benefits the haram is given precedence
E. If 2 medical choices are both harmful, the lesser harm is committed.
18. The following statements are true about the principle of hardship, mashaqqat
A. Prohibited medical interventions are permitted if there is a necessity, dharurat.
B. Necessity legalizes the prohibited for ever.
C. A dharurat is what places life at risk
D. Hardship mitigates easing of the sharia rules and obligations.
E. Committing the prohibited action should not extend beyond necessity
19. The following statements are true about the principle of custom
A. The standard of medical care is defined by custom.
B. The basic principle is that custom or precedent has legal force.
C. What is considered customary is what is uniform, widespread, and predominant
D. What is customary must also be old and not a recent phenomenon.
E. Medical consensus that emerges with time is considered customary
PROFESSIONALISM
1. The Dean asked the head of health education in the institute to carry out a health education program on physical activity with view to convincing the staff of the institute to change their lifestyle. Which of the following is the correct approach to teaching patients about physical activity
a. Start by convincing them that obesity and a sedentary life style are a form of sin
b. Start them on hard exercises but at long intervals to give them a rest
c. Start them on easy exercises but done frequently √
d. Better talk to the spouse about the risk of death from lack of exercise
e. Show them pictures of physically inactive people who died from heart attacks
2. A boy in grade 6 has been brought to you by the headmaster for advice on treatment because he is addicted to alcohol. Which of the following statement about professional treatment of addiction is TRUE?
- The therapist should impose his or her moral values on the patient
- The patient should be made to repent his sins before he is treated
- Cognitive therapy can be effective in some forms of addiction
- The therapist should report all cases treated to the police to prevent future crimes
- Long-term imprisonment of addicts in an effective approach to eradicating addiction in society
3. After establishing a diagnosis of anxiety in the student, you start considering therapeutic approaches. Which of the following statements about treatment of anxiety is FALSE
a. The cognitive approach identifies the causative problems and resolves them
b. The spiritual approaches strengthen the patient’s ability to deal with dread
c. Rebuilding faith and acts of worship are effective in treating anxiety
d. Socialization is an important part of treating anxiety
e. None of the above √
4. A couple with an anencephalic fetus at 28 weeks of gestation seek your advice on what to do. Which of the following statements is an appropriate response?
- That fetus is as good as dead, I will abort it and let you get on with your lives
- There is no point carrying the pregnancy to term, the fetus will not survive but I will not tell you what alternatives are available because of my religious beliefs
- I would advise abortion but I will not carry it out myself because of my religious beliefs but I can direct you to a doctor who will carry it out
- It is all up to you. Decide what you want and tell me what to do. I am doctor and not an ethicist
- None of the above √
5. Patients and their families complained about physicians and nurses in the general hospital being cold and unfriendly. They had no complaints about the medical or surgical treatment. The hospital director decided to organize etiquette workshops dealing with various aspects of interaction with patients.
QSN (a) Explain and illustrate the statement that a physician bedside visit is both professional and social
QSN (b) Explain 2 recommended non-medical acts during a physician bed-side visit
QSN (c) Explain 2 behaviors that patients should be trained to display
QSN (d) What is your opinion about the statement ‘a physician should be a demonstrate professionalism by being emotionally detached from the patients’. Give a reason for your view
QSN (e) What is your opinion about the statement ‘family members are a nuisance on the ward’. Give 2 reasons for your view
QSN (f) Describe 2 ways in which healthcare givers can help patients fulfill their religious obligations
QSN (g) Describe 2 ways in which healthcare givers can help patients prepare spiritually for death
QSN (h) Describe 2 ways in which healthcare givers can help patients prepare legally for death
6. The patient and the family complained about rough and inconsiderate behavior by doctors and nurses [PRO]
QSN (a) Describe the recommended bedside etiquette
QSN (b) Describe guidelines for interaction with a patient of the opposite gender
QSN (c) Describe the duty of the physician to disclose information to the patient
QSN (d) Describe the recommended etiquette for interacting with the family
ETHICO-LEGAL ISSUES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
1. The following statements are true about history taking
A. Patient consent is not necessary for history taking
B. The physician should report any suspicious patient information to the police
C. History taking provides an opportunity to discuss diseases of the heart
D. History taking is an opportunity for taubat and dawa.
E. History taking is an opportunity to advise on legal matters
2. The following statements are true about physical examination
A. Physical examination following history taking does not requires specific consent.
B. A patient can only be examined against his or her consent if there is a dharuurat
C. Mental patients can are not legally competent to give consent for examination
D. A physician of the opposite gender is used in cases of dharurat
E. Examination is limited to what is necessary.
4. The following statements are true about investigations
A. Results of laboratory investigations are not as confidential as patient history
B. Results of radiological investigations are confidential.
C. Images that show the shape of the body parts can be considered showing awrat
D. Invasive investigations are carried out only if there is dharuurat.
E. Results of physical tests such as ECG are not confidenti
5. The following statements are true about medicines
A. It is prohibited to use najasat as treatment.
B. What is prohibited as food or drink is also prohibited as medicine.
C. Any medicine taken orally does not nullify wudhu.
D. Vomited medicine nullifies wudhu
E. Medicine given per rectum nullifies wudhu.
6. The following statements are true about medicines
A. Medicine given per rectum nullifies saum.
B. Subcutaneous or intravenous or intramuscular injections do not nullify wudhu
C. Subcutaneous or intravenous or intramuscular injections do not nullify wudhu
D. Any medicine taken orally or rectally will nullify saum.
E. Insertion of a vaginal or rectal scope nullifies saum
7. The following statements are true about blood transfusion
A. Donating and receiving blood transfusion is permitted
B. Blood donation is analogous to organ donation by a living donor.
C. Transfused blood is not considered najasat because it is not spilled blood.
D. Blood transfusion is allowed on the basis of dharuurat.
E. There is no problem in blood donation between Muslims and non-Muslims
8. The following statements are true about blood transfusion
A. There is no problem in blood transfusion between a man and a woman.
B. Blood transfusion does not abrogate the wudhu of the donor or the recipient.
C. Sale of blood is permitted using the analogy of sale of milk by wet nurse
D. Inappropriate mixing of males and females should be minimized in blood donation
E. Poverty should not be a bar to emergency blood transfusion
9. The following statements are true about various treatments
A. Dua, ruqyah, tawakkul, & raja are spiritual treatments.
B. Preventive measures are treatment before disease and are not denial of qadar.
C. It is permitted to slaughter on behalf of the sick and feed the poor.
D. It is prohibited to slaughter for the jinn and the shaitan.
E. Traditional, alternative, and complementary therapies are permitted
MEDICAL RESEARCH
1. The following statements are true about the search for knowledge
A. Islam puts emphasis on seeking knowledge.
B. The search for knowledge is a difficult process
C. Islam encourages benefitting from and using knowledge.
D. There is no consideration for knowledge not accompanied by practical application.
E. There is no harmful knowledge
2. The following statements are true about al tadabbur
A. Tadabbur involves consideration of information
B. Tadabbur involves critical observation
C. Humans are encouraged to derive knowledge from empirical observation
D. Empirical knowledge is derived from observation of the earth
E. Empirical observation must be serious and deliberative
3. The following are true about thinking, tafakkur
A. Thought can be based on empirical observation.
B. Thought not based on empirical observation is always wrong
C. Scientists always and consistently think in an unbiased way
D. Any thought that occurs to a scientist should be tested empirically
E. There is no limit to the scope of human thought
4. The following statements are true about ijtihad
A. Ijtihad is intellectual effort to reach the truth
B. Islam encourages active intellectual effort in looking for knowledge.
C. Ijtihad is intellectual effort to discover causal relations
D. Ijtihad is intellectual effort to understand the relation between truths.
E. Ijtihad is used to discover and identify falsehoods.
5. The following statements are true about ijtihad
A. The tools of ijtihad in fiqh are parallel to the tools of empirical research
B. Inductive logic in medical research is the same as qiyaas usuuli in fiqh
C. The process of scientific consensus is similar to the process of fiqh ijima
D. There is no equivalent to istihsan in clinical experience
E. Ijtihad is no longer relevant in our age
6. The following statements are true about the search for cures
A. The prophet taught that there is a cure for every disease.
B. There is an injunction to search for cures by processes of medical research.
C. Medical research has the same rewards as ijtihad in fiqh
D. Cure of disease is in the hands of Allah; human efforts have no contribution
E. Spiritual cures of disease contradict physical ones
7. The following are roles of the ethics committee
A. The Ethics committee assesses research that has ethical implications
B. The ethics committee ensures the highest ethical standards in research
C.The ethics committee assures protection of research subjects
D. The ethics committee protects researchers from committing ethical violations
E. The ethics committee monitors research progress after approval
8. The following are categories of membership of an ethics committee
A. Major medical and surgical specializations
B. Hospital physicians
C. Hospital nursing staff
D. General practitioners
E. Pharmacists
9. The following statements are true about membership of an ethics committee
A. Statisticians cannot be members
B. Ethicists should always be on the committee
C. No lay persons should ever be appointed to the committee
D. All genders and age groups must be represented
E. Members should act as individuals and not as representatives of organizations
10. The following statements are true about membership of an ethics committee
A. The chairperson or vice chairperson should be one of the lay members
B. The period of service on the committee is usually three years
C. Membership cannot be renewed
D. Members have to disclose any personal interest in a research project
E. Members are personally liable for injuries to research patients.
11. The following statements are true about procedures of an ethics committee
A. Research proposals must be sent to the members in advance
B. The committee should meet in private for confidentiality
C. The committee decides by consensus or by a 2/3 majority
D. Committee decisions are approval (full & conditional), deferment, or rejection
E. Reasons are not given for conditional approval or rejection
F. Protocol amendments must be approved by the committee before implementation
12. The ethics committee uses the following criteria in its assessments
A. Informed consent after full disclosure
B. Clear research objectives
C. Adequate research design
D. Appropriate statistical methods
E. Scientific merit
13. The ethics committee uses the following criteria in its assessments
A. Balance of benefits and risks
B. Qualifications of investigators
C. Research facilities
D. Confidentiality
E. Data security
14. The research application form consists of the following
A. Identifying information
B. Description of the research
C. Protocol and dates
D. Methodology of research
E. Ethico-legal issues
15. The patient/volunteer information sheet has the following items
A. Invitation to participate
B. Full title of the proposed research
C. Purposes of the research
D. Procedures of the research
E. Duration of the research
16. The patient/volunteer information sheet has the following items
A. Risks and benefits
B. Confidentiality
C. Compensation for research subjects in case of injuries
D. Voluntary participation
E. Contact person for further information
17. The following statements are true about informed consent
A. Both the research subject and the investigator should sign the consent statement
B. The research subject must read and understood the patient information sheet
C. The research subject must receive enough information about the study
D. The research subject should understand that participation is voluntary
E. The research subject must understand he can withdraw from the study at any time
18. The following statements are true about funding on research
A. Decisions on research priorities should be made on a scientific basis
B. Some research decisions are made on a non-scientific basis
C. The source of funding can indirectly influence the conduct of research
D. The source of funding can indirectly influence the report of findings
E. Diseases affecting the poor and the weak are often neglected in research
20. The following statements are true about funding on research
A. The profit motive will encourage research on drugs that bring revenue.
B. Examples of neglected conditions are headache, back pain, and PMS
C. Examples of neglected diseases are respiratory and tropical infections
D. Short-term benefits are usually pursued at the expense of long-term benefits.
E. There is no problem from drug companies funding research
21. The following statements are true about dissemination of knowledge
A. Islam enjoins dissemination of knowledge
B. Islam encourages dissemination of research findings by teaching or publication.
C. Islam prohibits hiding knowledge
D. Severe punishment is reserved for a person hides knowledge when asked
E. Research by drug companies is often not transparent
22. The following statements are true about dissemination of knowledge
A. Publication of research results serves scientific communication
B. Publication of research results serves scientific networking.
C. Copyright and intellectual property laws limit dissemination of knowledge
D. Researchers do not submit negative findings for publication
E. Editors prefer publishing positive studies.
F. Old boy networks bias selection of papers for publication
23. Research fraud manifests in the following ways
A. Cooking or doctoring data
B. Selective reporting of data
C. Suppression of negative information
D. ‘Stealing’ others’ work.
E. Premature analysis of the data
PHYSICIAN CONDUCT
1. The following statements are true about the physician
A. The physician-patient is based on brotherhood.
B. The physician should be professionally competent (itiqan & ihsaan)
C. The physician should be balanced (tawazun)
D. The physician must have responsibility (amanat) and accountability (muhasabat).
E. The physician must consider benefit of the patients and the community (maslahat).
2. The following statements are true about medical decisions
A. Medical procedures cannot be carried out without informed consent of the patient
B. The patient must be free and capable of giving informed consent.
C. The patient is free to make decisions on choice of physicians
D. The patient is free to make decisions on and choice of treatments.
E. Proxy consent can be by means of a living will.
3. The following statements are true about informed consent
A. It requires full disclosure by the physician
B. It requires understanding and legal competence by the patient
C. It requires voluntariness of the decision
D. It requires recommendation of the physician on the best course of action
E. It requires authorization by the patient to carry out the procedures.
4. The following statements are true about informed consent
A. The patient must be given full information to make an informed decision
B. The person consenting must have the capacity to consent
C. The procedure contemplated need not be explained since it is technical
D. The patient has the right to be informed about alternative choices
E. It is not the duty of the physician to make sure that the patient understands
5. The following statements are true about informed consent
A. Consent is limited to what was explained to the patient except in an emergency
B. Informed refusal means the patient understands what he is agreeing to
C. Refusal to consent by a competent adult even if irrational is conclusive
D. In some cases of refusal by adults consent can be by the court
E. Doubts about consent are resolved in favor of preserving life
6. The following statements are true about informed consent
A. Spouses and family members do not have an automatic right to consent
B. A spouse cannot overrule the patient’s choice
C. Advance directives are followed for the unconscious terminal patient
D. Proxy informed consent by the family is valid of an unconscious terminal patient
E. Withholding or withdrawal of treatment cannot be based on advance directives.
7. The following are illegal
A. Physician assisted suicide
B. Active euthanasia
C. Voluntary euthanasia
D. A do not resuscitate order (DNR) by a physician without family consent
E. Involuntary euthanasia
8. The following are true about a living will
A. It is reassurance that terminal care will follow patient’s preferences.
B. It provides guidance to the physician
C. It provides legal protection for the physician
D. It relieves the physicians of the burden of decision making
E. It does not absolve the physician of all legal liabilities
9. The following are true about a living will
A. It relieves the family burden in decision making
B. It has the disadvantage of not anticipate all possible future developments
C. It limits options available to the physicians and the family
D. It is rejected if repugnant to the shari’at
E. It does not oblige a doctor to carry out an illegal procedure
10. The following statements are true about decision by proxy
A. It can be by the power of attorney
B. It can be by a living will or an advance directive
C. It can be by deciding what the patient would have decided if able
D. It can be by deciding what is in the best interests of the patient
E. It can be by a religious official from the same madhhab as the patient
11. The following statements are true about informed consent in special situations
A. Informed consent is still required for a ship’s doctor
B. Prison doctor do not need informed consent
C. Army doctors get informed consent from the commanding officer
D. Police surgeons can examine suspects without informed consent.
E. Prison doctors need not get consent because prisoners have no civil rights
12. The following statements are true about consent for minor children
A. Competent children can consent to treatment but cannot refuse treatment
B. The consent of one parent is sufficient if the 2 disagree
C. Courts cannot overrule parental decisions
D. Life-saving treatment of minors is given even if parents refuse
E. Parental choice is final in therapeutic or non-therapeutic research on children.
13. The following statements are true about consent for mental patients
A. Mental patients cannot consent to treatment, research, or sterilization
B. Mental parients are admitted, detained, and treated involuntarily in emergencies
C. Mental patients are admitted and detained if if they are a danger to themselves
D.Mental patients are admitted and detained based on a court order
E. Suicidal patients tend to refuse treatment because they want to die
14. The following statements are true about persistent vegetative conditions
A. Nutrition and hydration can be withdrawn in a persistent vegetative state
B. Treatment cannot be withdrawn in a persistent vegetative state
C. There is no moral difference between withholding and withdrawing futile treatment
D. A lethal injection is allowed for patients in persistent vegetative states
E. Patients in persistent vegetative states are not given cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
15. The following statements are true about obstetric emergencies
A. Proxy decisions are valid in labor and delivery emergencies
B. Forced ceserian section may be ordered in the maternal interests
C. Forced ceserian section may be ordered in the fetal interests
D. Birth plans can be treated as an advance directive.
E. In an obstetric emergency the doctor does he thinks is in the patient’s best interests
16. The following statements are true about disclosure and truthfulness
A. The physician-patient contract requires the physician to tell the whole truth.
B. Patients have the right to know the risks but not the benefits of medical procedure
C. Disclosure is not obligatory if it will cause harm; doctors must use their judgment.
D. Partial disclosure and white or technical lies are permissible under necessity.
E. Disclosure to the family is allowed if it is necessary for treatment
17. The following statements are true about privacy and confidentiality
A. Privacy is the right to make decisions about personal or private matters
B. Privacy is the right to block access to private information.
C. The patient voluntarily allows the physician access to private information
D. Patients trust that physicians will not disclose private information to others
E. Privacy has to be maintained within the confines of the Law
18. The following statements are true about privacy and confidentiality
A. Confidentiality need not be maintained even after death of the patient
B. Disclosure to other health professionals never violates confidentiality
C. The patient is not free to disclose private shameful information with no need
D. The physician can disclose any confidential information with patient consent
E. Confidential information is released to the police without patient consent
19. Release is justified without patient consent for the following purposes
A. Education
B. Research
C. Medical audit
D. Employment
E. Insurance.
20. The following statements are true about fidelity
A. Physicians be faithful to their patients
B. Physicians must act in faith
C. Physicians must fulfil agreements
D. Physicians must maintain relations
E. Fidelity is not based on a written contract.
21. The following statements are true about fidelity
A. Abandoning the patient without alternative arrangements is a violation of fidelity.
B. The fidelity obligation may conflict with the obligation to disclose information
C. Fidelity is violated when the physician is in a situation of conflicting loyalties
D. Fidelity may be violated in cases of feto-maternal conflict
E. Physicians in clinical trials have dual roles: physicians and investigators.
22. The following are legal issues relating to HIV patients
A. Discrimination at work
B. Confidentiality of test results
C. Mandatory testing for the pregnant
D.Mandatory testing for the newborns
E. Restrictions on the practice of HIV +ve health workers
23. The following are litigation problems associated with oncology practice
A. Misdiagnosis or late diagnosis
B. Excessive radiation
C. Mutagenesis and teratogenesis due to chemotherapy
D. Inadequate pain management
E. Unorthodox cancer treatments
PHYSICIAN MISCONDUCT
1. The following are forms of abuse of professional priviledges
A. Un-ethical research on patients
B. Unnecessary treatment
C. Iatrogenic infection
D. Allowing or abetting an unlicensed practitioner
E. Issuing false medical certificates
2. The following are abuses of prescription privileges
A. Manufacturing a controlled drug without a license
B. Possessing a controlled drug without a license
C. Supplying a controlled drug without a license
D. Prescription of controlled drugs not following procedures
E. Diverting or giving away controlled substances
3. The following are abuses of prescription privileges
A. Dispensing harmful drugs
B. Sale of poisons
C. Writing prescriptions using secret formulas
D. Instructing the patient to buy medicine in specific pharmacies
E. Prescribing controlled substances to friends
4. The following are forms of fraud in medical practice
A. Pharmacy fraud is billing for medicine not supplied
B. Billing fraud is billing for services not performed
C. Equipment fraud is using equipment that is really not needed
D. Equipment fraud is using equipment of poorer quality
E. Supplies fraud is billing for supplies not used
5. The following are forms of fraud in medical practice
A. Filling prescriptions to be filled by pharmacies owned by the physician
B. Kick-backs are unethical and illegal
C. Issuing a false medical certificate of illness
D. False death certification
E. False injury reports
6. A physician is sued for the following crimes against the person
A. Manslaughter (voluntary & involuntary)
B. Euthanasia (active and passive)
C. Battery for forced feeding or treatment
D. Criminal liability for patient death
E. Induced non-therapeutic abortion
7. A physician is sued for the following crimes against the person
A. Iatrogenic death
B. Abusive therapy involving torture
C. Intimate therapy
D. Rape and child molestation
E. Sexual advances to patients or sexual involvement
8. Breach of confidentiality can be done only in the following situations
A. Court order
B. Statutory duty to report notifiable diseases
C. Statutory duty to report drug use
D. Statutory requirement to report abortions
E. Statutory requirement to report births
9. Breach of confidentiality can be done only in the following situations
A. Statutory requirement to report deaths and accidents at work
B. Disclosure to relatives in the interest of the patient
C. Disclosure in the public interest
D. Sharing information with other health professionals or for health management
E. Disclosure for purposes of teaching and research
10. The following are forms of private mis-conduct derogatory to reputation
A. Breach of trust is a cause for censure because a physician must be a trusted person
B. Sexual misbehavior such as zina and liwaat
C. Fraudulent procurement of a medical license
D. Sale
E. Covering an unqualified practitioner
11. Physicians can abuse their position by the following actions
A. Abuse of trust by inappropriate personal and sexual relations with patients
B. Abuse of confidence by disclosing secrets
C. Abuse of power/influence by undue influence on patients for personal gain
D. Conflict of interest when personal selfish are before patient interests
E. Participation in torture or cruel punishment
12. Physicians can abuse their position by the following actions
A. Abuse of alcohol and drugs
B. Behavior unbecoming
C. Indecent behavior
D. Violence
E. Conviction for a felony.
13. The following are good business practices
A. Sale
B. Leniency in transactions is encouraged
C. Full disclosure is needed in any transaction
D. Measures and scales must be fulfilled
E. Cheating when the patient is an evil person
14. The following are bad business practices
A. Financial fraud including criminal breach of trust
B. Riba on bills
C. Fee splitting
D. Bribery
E. Unnecessary referrals
PHYSICIAN ETIQUETTE WITH THE PATIENT AND THE FAMILYCONDUCT
1. The following are objectives of a bed-side visit
A. The physician-patient interaction is both professional and social
B. The bedside visit fulfills the brotherhood obligation of visiting the sick
C. The human relation comes before the professional technical relation
D. The bedside visit is reassurance as well as psychological and social support
E. The bedside visit is a show of fraternal love and is sharing
2. The following actions are recommended during a bedside visit
A. Greeting the patient
B. Dua for the patient
C. Good encouraging words
D. Asking about the patient’s feelings
E. Doing good/pleasing things for the patient
3. The following actions are recommended during a bedside visit
A. Making the patient happy
B. Encouraging the patient to be patient
C. Discouraging the patient from wishing for death
D. Nasiihat for the patient
E. Reminding the patient about dhikr
4. The following are forbidden during a beside visit
A. Seeking permission before getting to the patient
B. Nurses engaging in secret conversations that do not involve the patient.
C. Talking roughly to the patient to shock him into good behavior
D. Joking with the patient
E. Preaching to the patient on religious matters
5. The following statements are true about the etiquette of the patient
A. The patient expresses gratitude even if there is no physical improvement
B. Patient complaints should be for drawing attention to problems that need attention
C. Patient complaints are not criticicism of caregivers
D. The patient should be patient because illness is kaffaarat
E. Allah rewards patients who persevere and surrender
6. The following statements are true about the etiquette of the patient
A. The patient should make dua for himself, caregivers, visitors, and others
B. The patient should praise Allah and cover the mouth when sneezing
C. It is obligatory for the attendants to respond to the sneezer
D. The patient should try his best to eat and drink although the appetite may be low
E. The patient is given favorite food and is not forced to eat
7. The following statements are true about the etiquette of the patient
A. The believing patient should never lose hope from Allah
B. The patient should never wish for death
C. The patient should try his best to avoid anger directed at himself or others
D. The patient should complain loudly to draw attention to his needs
E. The patient should hide shameful information from the physicians
8. The following patient rights must be respected
A. Advance directives on treatment
B. Privacy
C. Access to information
D. Informed consent
E. Protection from nosocomial infections
9. The following behaviors are required of caregivers
A. Caregivers must be clean
B. Caragivers must dress appropriately to look serious, organized and disciplined
C. Caregivers must be cheerful, lenient, merciful, and kind
D. Caraegivers must enjoin the good
E. Caregivers must have good thoughts about the patients, husn al dhann
10. The following behaviors are required of caregivers
A. Caraegivers must avoid evil or obscene words
B. Caregivers must observe the rules of lowering the gaze, ghadh al basar
C. Caregivers must observe the laws about khalwat
D. Caregivers must have an attitude of humbleness, tawadhu'u
E. Caraegivers cannot be emotionally-detached from patients
11. The following behaviors are required of caregivers
A. Caregivers must be loving and empathetic and show mercifulness
B. Caragivers’ emotional involvement must not impair rational professional judgment
C. Caraegivers must make dua for the patients
D. Caraegivers can make ruqya for the patients
E. Caregivers must seek permission when approaching or examining patients
18. The following behaviors are required of caregivers
A. Medical care must be professional, competent, and considerate
B. Medical decisions should consider the balance of benefits and risks
C. The Law gives priority to minimizing risk over maximizing benefit
D. Any procedures carried out must be explained very well to the patient in advance
E. The caregiver must never promise cure or improvement
13. The following behaviors are required of caregivers
A. Every action of the caregiver must be preceded by basmalah
B. Everything should be predicated with the formula inshallah, if Allah wishes
C. The caregivers must listen to the felt needs and problems of the patients
D. Caraegivers should ask about both medical and non-medical problems
E. Supportive care is as important as medical procedures
14. The following are forms of supportive care
A. Nursing care
B. Cleanliness
C. Physical comfort
D. Nutrition and hydration
E. Treatment of fever and pain
15. The following are required of caregivers
A. Caregivers must reassure the patients not to give up hope
B. Measures should be taken to prevent nosocomial infections.
C. Caregivers must use heavy make up to make patients feel good
D. Caregivers should eat with patients to encourage them to finish their food
E. Caregivers should never tolerate patient misbehavior however small it may be
16. The following statements are true about covering awrat
A. Both the caregiver and patient must cover awrat as much as possible
B. Rules of awrat are relaxed for the necessity of medical examination and treatment
C. The benefit of medical care takes precedence over the harm of uncovering awrat
D. No more awrat than what is absolutely necessary should be uncovered
E. Female patients are examined in the presence of another female
17. The following statements are true about covering awrat
A. The caregivers should be sensitive to patient feelings when awrat is uncovered
B. Caregivers should seek permission from the patient before uncovering awrat
C. Caregivers need not care about the awrat of non-Muslims
D. Small children do not care about uncovering their awrat
E. Men physicians can see the awrat of male patients at any time
18. The following statements are true about medical co-education
A. Medical involves teacher-student, student-student, and teacher-teacher interaction
B. Norms of dress, speaking, and general conduct need not be observed
C. Class-room etiquette and social interaction need not follow the Law
D. Laboratory experiments on fellow students of the opposite gender is allowed
E. Learning clinical skills by examining students of the opposite gender is allowed
19. The following statements are true about gender in medical care
A. Gender-specific garments should be used during surgical operations
B. Examination and treatment should preferably be by a physician of the same gender
C. In conditions of necessity a physician of the opposite gender can be used
D. A non-Muslim of the same gender is preferred to a Muslim of the opposite gender
E. All male gynecologists should retrain for a different specialt
20. The following statements are true about dealing with the family
A. Visits by the family are encouraged because they join kindred relations
B. The family are honored guests of the hospital with all the shari’at rights of a guest
C. The caregiver must give psychological support to family because they are worried
D. The family need reassurance about the condition of the patient
E. Rules of confidentiality are not observed with the family
21. The following statements are true about dealing with the family
A. The family can be involved in some aspects of supportive care
B. The family should not be allowed to interrupt medical procedures
C. Caregivers must not be involved in family conflicts due to stresses of illness.
D. The family are always a nuisance and should be allowed only during visiting hours
E. Physicians should intervene to solve conflicts among family members
PHYSICIAN ETIQUETTE WITH THE DYING
1. The following statements are true about patient comfort
A. The Law allows narcotics for severe pain and to allay anxiety and fear
B. The caregivers should maintain as much communication as possible with the dying
C. Caregivers should attend to needs and not give up because the end is near
D. Patient hygiene includes cutting nails, shaving hair, dressing in clean clothes
E. As much as possible the dying patient should be in a state of wudhu all the time.
2. The following statements are true about patient ‘ibadat
A. The dying patient should as far as is possible be helped to fulfill acts of worship
B. Tayammum can be performed if wudhu is impossible
C. Physical movements of salat are restricted to what the patient's condition allows
D. The terminal patient is exempted from saum because of the medical condition
E. It is wrong for a patient in terminal illness to start fasting to hasten death
3. The following statements are true about patient ‘ibadat
A. Payment of zakat is not affected since it is related to the wealth and not the person
B. The terminal patient is excused from the obligation of hajj
C. It is also wrong for a terminal patient to go for hajj in order to die in Hejaz
D. If a pilgrim has a severe disease he can stop hajj rites and return the next year
E. All attempts should be made for the patient not to miss standing at Arafat
4. The following are forms of spiritual preparation
A. Allaying fear and anxiety about impending death
B. Encouraging the patient to look at death as an opportunity to go to Allah
C. Encouraging the patient to look at death as a form of martyrdom
D. Encouraging patients to thinking well of Allah and have hope in Him
E. Encouragement to repent because repentance is accepted until the last moment.
5. The following statements are true about legal preparation of the dying patient
A. The caregiver can be a witness to a will
B. The caregiver can advise the terminal patient about conditions of the will
C. A terminal patient can make a will about organ donation
D. The caregiver can advise the terminal patient about divorce
E. The caregiver can advise the terminal patent to pay up outstanding debts
6. The following are done for the terminal patient in the last moments
A. The terminal patient is instructed to make kalimat the last words uttered
B. On death the body is placed facing the qiblat
C. A\dead body is covered fully
D. The eyes of the dead body are closed
E. Qur'an and dua are then recited
7. The following statements are true about mourning
A. The health care giver should take the initiative to inform relatives of the death
B. The caregiver advises relatives about the shariah rules on mourning
C. Weeping and dropping tears are allowed in mourning
D. 'We are for Allah and to Him we will return' is recited on news of death
E. Tearing garments, shaving heads, slapping cheeks, and wailing are prohibited
8. The following statements are true about mourning and burial
A. Relatives are comforted by telling them hadiths of the prophet about death
B. The health care team should be involved mourning and burial if possible
C. The preparation of the body for burial can be carried out in the hospital
D. Perfume can be put in the water used for washing the body
E. The washing of the body should start with the right
9. The following statements are true about washing and shrouding the body
A. The organs normally washed in wudhu are washed first
B. Perfume can be used except for those who died while in a state of ihram
C. Women's hair has to be undone
D. After washing the body is shrouded, kafn, in 2 pieces of cloth preferably white
E. A green shroud is preferred
10. The following statements are true about and burial
A. As many persons as possible should participate in salat al janazat
B. Burial should be hastened
C. Following the funeral procession is enjoined
D. The funeral bier is carried by men
E. Hurrying in marching to the grave is recommended
11. The following statements are true about burial
A. The body should be buried in a deep grave facing Makka
B. After burial, the relatives are consoled and food is made for them
C. Women in mourning should not touch any perfume
D. Only good things should be said about the deceased.
E. Relatives should stay at the grave after burial
ETIQUETTE IN THE HEALTH CARE TEAM
1. The following statements are true about groups
A. A group is several interdependent and interacting persons
B. Muslims are enjoined to mobilize in groups
C. Separation from group is condemned
D. Group performance is superior to individual performance
E. Very clever individuals need not join any group
2. The following are characteristics of a good group
A. Unity
B. Cooperation
C. Openness
D. Mutual trust
E. Competition if there is no conflict
3. The following are attributes of group members
A. Similarity
B. Empathy
C. Mutual support
D. Sharing
E. Diversity of personalities
3. The following lead to group break up
A. Disrespect of group norms
B. Secretiveness
C. Concealment of information
D. Conflict
E. Love of leadership
4. The following are benefits of group membership
A. Integration
B. Stimulation
C. Motivation and endurance
D. Innovation
E. Emotional support
5. The following are disadvantages of group membership
A. Arrogance
B. Suppression of individual initiative
C. Member mismatch
D. Intra-group conflict
E. Motivation
6. The following statements are true about stages of group formation
A. Forming is acquaintance and learning to accept one another
B. Storming is a stage of emotions and tensions
C. Initial integration is start of normal functioning
D. Total integration is full functioning
E. Dissolution is break up of the group
7. The following are characteristics of mature groups
A. Group identity
B. Optimized feedback
C. Decision-making procedures
D. Cohesion
E. Flexibility of organization
8. The following are characteristics of mature groups
A. Resource utilization
B. Communication
C. Clear accepted goals
D. Interdependence
E. Participation and acceptance of minority views
9. The following are reasons for failure of groups
A. Constitution on the wrong basis
B. Members cannot communicate
C. No commonality of interests, attitudes, and goals
D. Hasad
E. Infaq
10. The following are reasons for failure of groups
A. Namiimah
B. Ghaybah
C. Kadhb
D. Riyah
E. Kibriyah
11. The following are reasons for failure of groups
A. Hubb al riyasa
B. Tajassus
C. Dhun al soo
D.
E.
18. The following are characteristics of an effective group
A. Following the Qur'an and sunnat
B. Members feel secure
C. Members are not suppressed
D. Members understand and practice sincere group dynamics
E. Members are competent and are committed to the group and the leadership.
13. The following statements are true about health care teams
A. The hospital health care team is complex and multi-disciplinary
B. The hospital health care team has complementary and inter-dependent roles
C. Members have dual functions of teaching and delivering health care
D. Most teaching is passive learning of attitudes, skills, and facts by observation
E. Healthcare teams always work well because of good medical training
14. The following are desired characteristics of teachers in a health care team
A. Teachers must be humble
B. Teachers must be careful in actions and words because they are emulated
C. Teachers should have appropriate emotional expression
D. Teachers should repeat to ensure understanding and encourage student questions
E. Teachers must not hide knowledge
15. The following are desirable characteristics in students
A. The student should respect the teacher for the knowledge they have
B. Students should listen quietly and respectfully
C. Students should teach one another
D. Students should ask questions to clarify
E. Students should take notes for understanding and retention
16. The following statements are true about care delivery by the healthcare team
A. Each member of the team carries personal responsibility
B. Leaders have more responsibility than other members
C. Leaders must be obeyed except in illegal acts, corruption, or oppression
D. The human dimension should not be forgotten in favor of technology
E. Each member should think about safety from malpractice suits
17. The following statements are true about Rafidah al Aslamiyyat
A. She kind and empathetic
B. She was a capable leader and organizer
C. She was clinically competent
D. She was a trainer of others
E. She was public health nurse and a social worker assisting all in need
18. The following are positive behaviors encouraged in a health care team
A. Respecting basic duties of brotherhood
B. Best of manners
C. Mutual love
D. Empathy
E. Caring for one another
19. The following are positive behaviors encouraged in a health care team
A. Leniency
B. Generosity
C. Patience
D. Modesty
E. A cheerful disposition
20. The following are positive behaviors encouraged in a health care team
A. Calling others by their favorite names
B. Recognizing the rights of the older members
C. Self control in anger
D. Mutual respect
E. Mutual consultation
21. The following are negative behaviors discouraged in a health care team
A. Harshness in speech
B. Rumor mongering
C. Mutual jealousy
D. Turning away from other for more than 3 days
E. Spying on the privacy of others
22. The following statements are true about gender in a health care team
A. Gender-specific identity should be maintained in dress, walking, and speaking
B. Free mixing of the genders is forbidden except for professional necessity
C. Patients of the opposite are examined in the presence of a chaperone
D. The gaze should be lowered.
E. Modesty and covering awrat must be observed and the gaze must be lowered
ETIQUETTE OF RESEARCH ON HUMANS
1. The following statements are true about the history of human experimentation
A. Early humans discovered medicines and poisons by trial and error experimentation
B. Early human experiments were not systematically planned
C. Galen founded experimental medicine before 200 CE
D. Historical experiments were carried out by James Lind In 1747 on scurvy
E. Dr Edward Jenner experimented on small pox in 1798
2. The following statements are true about the history of human experimentation
A. Goldberger experimented on pellagra in 1914
B. The Salk and HBV vaccines trials were done at community level
C. Water fluoridation to prevent dental caries was a community trial
D. The first randomized clinical trial was on use of streptomycin in TB treatment
E. The prevention of cancer by aspirin and vitamin C was a community-based trial
3. The following were unethical human experiments without informed consent
A. Nazi’s and Japanese carried out inhuman experiments on prisoners in the WWII
B. In the 1950s Americans experimented control of human behavior by LSD
C. In 1953 a CIA committed suicide as a result of LSD experiments without consent
D. In 1953 Harold Blauer a subject in a US Army study died from mescaline injection
E. In the 1940s-1960s the US Atomic Energy Commission experimented on children
3. The following were unethical human experiments without informed consent
A. In 1954-56 cancer cells were injected into veins of elderly patients in Brooklyn
B. In 1932-1972 400 men in were left untreated to study the natural history of syphilis
C. In 1946-1956 retarded teenagers in Massachusetts
D. In the 1950s radioactive iron was injected in pregnant women to study fetal circulation
E. Some women in the thalidomide disaster were not informed the drug was experimental
4. The Nurenberg code of 1946 laid down the following rules on human research
A. Informed voluntary consent must be obtained
B. Unnecessary experiments with no scientitic justification should not be carried out
C. Animal experimentation must precede human experimentation
D. Physical and mental suffering should be minimized
E. Investigators must be scientifically qualified
5. The Nurenberg code of 1946 laid down the following rules on human research
A. Subjects should be free to withdraw from the study at any time
B. The research is stopped if the subjects are in any danger
C.
D.
E.
6. The Helsinki
A. Research must conform to generally accepted scientific principles
B. Investigators must be qualified
C. Risk benefit assessment must be undertaken
D. Research subject welfare and integrity must be respected
F. Full disclosure before informed consent
7. The following statements are true about the Nurenberg and Helsinki
A. The Nuremberg and Helsinki
B. The codes are not enforceable by law
C. The codes are not enforceable by moral or religious sanctions
D. The codes failed to bridge the divide between law and morality
E. Islamic Law, unlike European secular law, incorporates morality
8. The following are true about purposes of the law in human experimentation
A. Research is permitted if it leads to fulfillment of any of the purposes of the Law
B. Therapeutic research fulfills the purpose of protecting health and life
C. Infertility research fulfils the purpose of protecting progeny
D. Psychiatric research fulfills the purpose of protecting the mind
E. The search for cheaper treatments fulfills the purpose of protecting wealth.
9. The following are true about principles of the law in human experimentation
A. The 5 principles of the Law provide guidance on practical issues in research
B. Research is judged by its underlying and not expressed intentions
C. Research is prohibited if certainty exists about beneficial existing treatment
D. Research is allowed if benefit outweighs the risk
E. Research is allowed if public interest outweighs individual interest
10. The following are true about principles of the law in human experimentation
A. Research is not allowed if risk is equal to benefit
B. The Law chooses the lesser of the 2 evils: disease or risk of experimentation
C. The principle of custom is used to define standards of good clinical practice
D. Under istishaab existing treatments continue until evidence to the contrary
E. Under istihsaan a physician can reject new research due to personal inclination
11. The following statements are true about informed consent
A. Informed consent by a legally competent subject is mandatory for research
B. Informed consent does not legalize non-therapeutic research with no benefit
C. It is illegal research on prisoners even if they give consent
D. Consent by the mentally handicapped is not recognized
E. Children cannot consent to participation in research
12. The following are legal rulings on outstanding ethico-legal issues
A. Research on fetal human tissues may encourage abortion
B. Cadaver dissection is permitted under necessity
C. Post mortem examination is permitted under necessity
D. Use of human cadavers in auto crass experiments violates human dignity
E. Genetic experiments may cause diseases hitherto unknown
F. The Law allows research on ageing whose objective is preventing death
ARTIFICIAL LIFE SUPPORT
E. Death can be made a pleasant experience
4. The following are objectives of palliative care
A. Pain control
B. Psychological support
C. Emotional support
D. Spiritual support
E. Palliative care can be learned from the terminal illness of the prophet and his companions.
F. The Quran has taught the etiquette of caring for old parents.
5. The following are true of principles and purposes of the Law regarding life support
A. Life support cannot be withdrawn if death is not certified with certainty, yaqiin
B. The purpose of preserving life contradicts the purpose of preserving wealth
C. Life comes before wealth in order of priorities for ordinary medical expenditures
D. Wealth comes before life in extraordinary medical procedures of doubtful value
E. Many forms of expensive terminal care are forms of waste of wealth, israaf
6. The following are true about initiating and withdrawing life support
A. The patient's choices about food my contradict the purpose of preserving life
B. The patient's choices about medical treatment my contradict the purpose of preserving life
C. Where life in under immediate threat, the patient's desires may be overridden
D. The terminally ill patient’s decisions are final
E. Informed consent is preceded by clarification of the medical, legal, and ethical issues
7. The following statements are true about family decisions on life support
A. The family decide life support termination if the patient is in irreversible coma
B. The family decide life support termination if the patient is in severe pain
C. Self-interest may motivate the family to hasten the legal death of the terminally ill patient
D. Anyone plays any role direct or indirect in the death of an inheritee cannot be an inheritor
E. Physicians and other health care givers may abuse euthanasia and kill whom they want.
F. Health care workers could be bribed to kill people by either family members or others.
EUTHANASIA
1. The following statements are true about euthanasia
A. Euthanasia is carried out illegally for patients in persistent vegetative states
B. Euthanasia is carried out illegally for patients in painful terminal illness
C. Active euthanasia is an act of commission that causes death
D. Passive euthanasia is an act of omission by not taking action to maintain life
E. Terminal sedation controls pain and causes causing respiratory failure
2. The following statements are true about euthanasia
A. Islamic Law views all forms of euthanasia, active and passive, as murder
B. Those who give advice for euthanasia are guilty of homicide
C. Those who assist in any way with euthanasia are guilty of homicide
D. A physician is legally liable for euthanasia actions even if instructed by the patient.
E.
3. The following statements are true about euthanasia and the purposes of the Law
A. It violates the Purpose of the Law to preserve Life by destroying
B. It violates the purpose of religion by assuming Allah’s prerogative of killing
C. It violates the purpose of preserving progeny by making genocide more acceptable.
D.
E.
4. The following statements are true about euthanasia and the principles of the Law
A. The principle of intention makes no distinction between active and passive euthanasia
B. Removing terminal pain and suffering is illegal according to the principal of injury
C. Continuation of pain in terminal illness is a lesser evil than euthanasia
D. Prohibition of euthanasia closes the door to murder for the sake of inheritance
E. Euthanasia reverses the customary physician role from preserver to destroyer of life
5. The following statements are true about life support
A. A distinction in Law exists between withholding life support and withdrawing it
B. It is easier not to start than to stop life support
C. Continuation is excused where commencing is not
D. Continuation is easier that starting
E. The patient cannot legally agree to termination of life because life belongs to Allah
6. The following statements are true about treatment of terminal patients
A. A legally competent patient cannot make final decisions about medical treatment
B. A legally competent patient can make final decisions about nutritional support
C. Terminally ill patients often lose competence and cannot make decisions on treatment
D. A living will is a non-binding recommendation that can be reversed by the family
E. The family has no right to make decisions for euthanasia.
7. The following statements are true about treatment of terminal patients
A. There is no legal basis for euthanasia
B. Physicians have not right to interfere with ajal that was fixed by Allah
C. Disease should be left to take its natural course until death
D. Life support measures are taken for quality and not quantity of life
E. Heroic measures for a terminally ill patients are not advisable
8. The following statements are true about treatment of terminal patients
A. Ordinary medical care and nutrition cannot be stopped for terminally ill patients
B. The hospital must have a clear, uniform, and public policy on life support
C.
D.
E
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
1. Sources of professional ethics
A. Qur'an
B. Sunnah
C. Local culture
D. Other cultures
E. Empirical research
2. Early Muslim authors on ethics
A. Abubakar al Razi
B. Ibn Abi Usaebah
C. Ibn al Haj
D
E.
3. Distinguishing characteristics of professional ethics in Islam
A. Divine source
B. Constant
C. Are part of ibadat
D.
E.
4. Characteristics of an ideal physician
A. Sincerity
B. Truthfulness\
C. Honesty and integrity
D. Modesty
E. Patience
F. Prudence
G. Sympathy and kindness
H. Fairess and moderation
I. Self accountability
5. Physician duties towards patients
A. Respect
B. Good treatment
C. Consent
D. Reassurance
E. Dua
F. Confidentiality
6. Regulations of consent
A. Informed consent
B. Written consent
C. Competent adult males
D. Competent adult females
E. Minors
F. Emergency situations
7. Guidelines on breaking bad news
A. Sudden
B. Scope of info given
C. Timing
D. Spend enough time with the patient
E. Positive attitude
8. Regulations about disclosure
A. To relatives
B. In the public interest
C. For education
D.
E.