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Presented at the 24th TA’ARUF AND INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE held at Admiral Marina & Leisure Club, Port Dickson, NS on 5th June 2004 by Prof Omar Hasan Kasule, Sr. Deputy Dean, Kulliyah of Medicine, UIAM
Crisis of duality
The main motive of IIC is to resolve the crisis of duality or dichotomy that has weakened Muslim education and Muslim thought since the Muslim world was colonized by Europeans. This crisis manifests as teaching Islamic sciences separately from other disciplines by different teachers and in different institutions. The student is thus presented with two world views that are sometimes contradictory. This causes much intellectual confusion and a state of split mind that fits the description of intellectual schizophrenia.
Integration of knowledge
IIC resolves the crisis of duality by insisting that Islamic concepts should be taught by the same people who teach medical and scientific disciplines. At least at the level of the teacher the student is presented with one integrated body of knowledge. The un-Islamic division between the ‘religious’ and ‘the worldly’ is thus eliminated. The integration extends to the subject matter itself. Over the years we have also worked towards integrating Islamic values in the basic and clinical medical sciences. Integration extends to examinations that have issues on Islamic values embedded in the medical questions. The expectation is that our graduates will be able to integrate moral values in their practice of medicine because they went through an integrated education system.
Reading the 2 books
IIC follows the Islamic paradigm of reading 2 books, the book of revelation, kitaab al wahy, and the book of empirical science, kitaab al kawn. Both books contain signs of Allah, ayaat al llaah, and must be read together. It is a mistake to read one of the books and neglect the other. The solution to the crisis of duality in the ummah starts from joint reading of the 2 books, al jam ‘u baina al qira atain. Thus medical scientists who are involved in IIC read the signs in both books.
Islamization and medical jurisprudence
The vision of IIC has two separate but closely related components: Islamization and legal medicine. Islamization deals with putting medicine in an Islamic context in terms of epistemology, values, and attitudes. Legal medicine deals with issues of application of the Law from a medical perspective including the ‘grey area’ for which simple categorization as good & bad, legal & illegal is not easy. Most of what falls under the rubric of medico-ethical issues in the European communities are actually medico-legal issues for which the Law, shariat, has adequate guidelines.
Five main objectives
IIC has 5 main objectives: (a) introduction of Islamic paradigms and concepts in general as they relate to medicine, mafahiim Islamiyat fi al Tibb. (b) strengthening faith, iman, through study of Allah’s sign in the human body (c) appreciating and understanding the juridical, fiqh, aspects of health and disease, al fiqh al tibbi. (d) understanding the social issues in medical practice and research and (e) Professional etiquette, adab al tabiib, from the Islamic perspective.
Outcome
We feel that IIC helps the future physician prepare for the heavy trust, the amanat of being professionally competent. He must be highly motivated. He must have personal, professional, intellectual, and spiritual development programs. He must know the proper etiquette of dealing with patients and colleagues. He also must know and avoid professional malpractice. He needs to be equipped with leadership and managerial skills to be able to function properly as a head of a medical team.
Structure of the curriculum
Block 1 | Block 2 | Block 3 | Block 4 | |
Year 1 | A’qidat (creed) | ‘Ilm (knowledge) | Tarikh (history) | Hadharat (civilization) |
Year 2 | Life and Health | Growth and senescence | Biological Miracle | Structure & function |
Year 3 | Law, ethics, etiquette | Fiqh al ‘ibadat | Fiqh al ‘aadaat (normal) | Fiqh al amraadh (illness) |
Year 4 | Modern technology | Mu’amalaat | Social Institutions | Social problems |
Year 5 | Physician formation | Leadership skills | Model leaders | Management skills |
Examinations
· Block examinations for Year 1 and Year 2: 1 out of 5 short notes
· First professional examination: 1 out of 5 short notes
· Block examinations for Year 3, Year 4, and Year 5: Islamic aspects of patient management problems
· Final Professional examination: 10 multiple choice questions
Problem of instructors
One of the questions raised about IIC is that of the Islamic qualifications of the medical teachers. This is a challenge and not a problem and we have devised several ways to face it. First of all IIC is not about producing students who are experts in Islamic sciences. It is all about presenting the Islamic persepective of medicine which requires knowledge of only the most elementary Islamic cooncepts that are presumed for any adult Muslim under the paradigm of ‘al ma’alum fi al diinn bi al dharuurat. Secondly most IIC lecturers have gone through a diploma course on Islamic studies. The Kulliyah is now engaged in organizing an advanced Islamic course as a follow-up. Thirdly all the Kulliyah has a manual with all the pedagogical material needed for all lectures. The IIC lecturer is provided with all the teaching material and resources needed. In addition to that special workshops are held to discuss the material. We feel that an IIC lecturer with basic medical education who tries to understand Islamic concepts and apply them to medicine will be more effective with students than a specialist in Islamic studies without any medical background. We however respect subject expertise. Whenever there are issues that require specialist knowledge, experts in fiqh and other Islamic sciences are invited to participate in IIC sessions.
KULLIYAH OF MEDICINE
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, MALAYSIA
SCHEDULE OF THE ISLAMIC INPUT FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2004-2005
PHASE 1 (YEAR 1 and YEAR 2): P L E N A R Y L E C T U R E S
YEAR 1 | YEAR 2 |
BLOCK 1: ‘AQIIDAT | BLOCK 1: LIFE & HEALTH |
04Jun: Introduction to Islamic Input: Prof Omar | 04Jun: Life: Prof Nasaruddin |
11Jun: Islam, Iman, & Ihsan: Prof Tahir | 11Jun: Death: Dr Adnan |
18Jun: Tauhid : Prof Omar | 18Jun: Health: Dr Azian |
25Jun: Risalat: Dr. Al Ameen | 25Jun: Disease : Dr Azizi |
02Jul: Akhirat: Dr Tanver | 02Jul: Treatment of Disease: Dr Azizi |
09Jul: Qadar: Prof Omar | The Islamic World-View: Prof Kamal |
16Jul: ‘Ubudiyyat: Dr Mat Salleh | |
23Jul: Tazkiyat al Nafs: Dr Falah | |
30Jul: Ithm & Ghufran: Dr Yusof | |
06Aug: Kufr & Shirk: Dr Abu Dharr | |
06Aug: Religions & Belief Systems: Dr Abu Dharr | |
Concept of cUbudiyyah: Prof Kamal | |
BLOCK 2: ‘ILM | BLOCK 2: GROWTH & SENESCENCE |
03Sep: Nature of Knowledge I: Dr Hasan | 20Aug: Intra-uterine Life: A/P Emad |
10Sep: Nature of Knowledge II: Dr Hasan | 27Aug: Infancy & Childhood: A/P Dr Abd al Wahab |
17Sep: Crisis of Knowledge: Prof Tahir | 03Sep: Youth: A/P Dr Abd al Wahab |
24Sep: Methodology of Knowledge: Prof Omar | 10Sep: Middle Age: Prof Pakeer |
01Oct: Classical Islamic Sciences: Prof Omar | 17Sep: Old Age: Prof Pakeer |
08Oct: History of Medical Sciences: Prof Pakeer | IIUM and HRD for the Ummah: Prof Kamal |
15Oct: Islamization of Medical Sciences: Prof Omar | |
22Oct: Islamization of Other Disciplines: Prof Omar | |
Islamic Education in Southeast Asia: Prof Kamal | |
BLOCK 3: TARIKH | BLOCK 3: THE BIOLOGICAL MIRACLE |
02Dec: Creation of the Universe I: A/P Abd Wahab | 05Nov: Perfection & Optimality in Anatomy: A/P Emad |
10Dec: Creation of the Universe II: A/P Abd Wahab | 12Nov: Perfection & Optimality in Physiology: Dr Sersi |
17Dec: Creation of the Human I: A/P Jalaluddin | 19Nov: Perfection & Optimality in Biochem Prof Mazida |
24Dec: Creation of the Human II: A/P Jalaluddin | 26Nov: Control & Homeostasis: Prof Mazidah |
31Dec: Khilafat I: Dr Yusof | 03Dec: Interaction with the Environment: Prof Pakeer |
07Jan: Khilafat II: Dr Yusof | 10Dec: Epidemiology & Statistics: Prof Omar |
14Jan: Taskhiir: Dr Abu Dharr | Modernization: Prof Kamal |
21Jan: Imarat al Ardh: Prof Omar | |
28Jan: Era of Prophethood: Dr Saeed | |
04Feb: Era of Khilafat, ‘ahad al khilafat: Dr Awang | |
Islam in the Malay World: Prof Kamal | |
BLOCK 4: CIVILIZATIONS | BLOCK 4: STRUCTURE & FUNCTION |
04Mar: Concepts of Civilization: Prof Omar | 21Jan: Alimentary System: Dr Mat Salleh |
11Mar: Ancient Civilizations: Prof Omar | 28Jan: Locomotor System: A/P Yusof |
11Mar: Cycle of Civilization: Prof Omar | 04Feb: Protective Systems: Dr Anis |
18Mar: Umayyad Era: Prof Omar | 11Feb: Genito-urinary System: Dr Rathor |
25Mar: Abassid Era: Prof Omar | 18Feb: Cardio-respiratory System: Dr Puteri Melor |
01Apr: Osmanli Era: Prof Omar | 25Feb: Sensory System: Dr Magdi |
08Apr: Other Muslim Civilizations: Prof Omar | 11Mar: Nervous System: A/P Emad |
15Apr: Achievements of Islamic Civilization: | Globalization: Prof Kamal |
22Apr: Tajdid & Islah : Prof Omar | |
Towards A Common Civilization: Prof Kamal |
KULLIYAH OF MEDICINE
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, MALAYSIA
SCHEDULE OF THE ISLAMIC INPUT FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2004-2005
PHASE II (YEAR 3 and YEAR 4): P L E N A R Y L E C T U R E S
Y E A R 3 | Y E A R 4 |
BLOCK 1a: ELEMENTARY CLINICS | BLOCK 1: MODERN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY |
12Jun: History Taking: Prof Omar | 12Jun: Assisted Reproduction:: Dr Anisah |
19Jun: Physical Examination & investigations: Prof Omar | 19Jun: Contraception: Dr Murad |
26Jun: Etiquette: Patients & Families: Prof Omar | 26Jun: Reproductive cloning: Dr Anisah |
03Jul: Etiquette: Health Care Team: Prof Omar | 03Jul: Abortion: Dr Nurad |
10Jul: Etiquette with the Dying: Prof Omar | 10Jul: Artificial Life Support: Dr Ariff |
BLOCK 1b: FUNDAMENTALS OF LAW & ETHICS | 17Jul: Euthanasia: Dr Ariff |
17Jul: Over-view: Prof Omar | 24Jul: Solid Organ Transplantation: Prof Kamaruzama |
24Jul: Sources of the Law: Prof Omar | 31Jul: Stem cell transplantantion: Prof Omar |
31Jul: Purposes, Principles, & Regulations of the Law: Prof Omar | 31Jul: Cosmetic/plastic Surgery: Prof Omar |
07Aug: Principles of the Majallat: Prof Omar | 07Aug: Animal Research : Prof Nasaruddin |
14Aug: Purposes and Principles of Medicne: Prof Omar | 07Aug: Human Research : Prof Tahir |
21Aug: Regulations of Medical Procedures: Prof Omar | 14Aug: Research Practice: Dato Mahathevan |
28Aug: Regulations of Research Procedures: Prof Omar | |
04Sep: Regulations of Physician Conduct: Prof Omar | |
04Sep: Regulations About Professional Misconduct: Prof Omar | |
BLOCK 2: FIQH AL ‘IBADAT | BLOCK 2a: TRANSACTIONS |
02Oct: Taharat: A/P Dr Emad | 18Sep: Medical malpractice: Prof Omar |
09Oct: Rulings on Salat, ahkaam al salat: A/P Dr Emad | 25Sep: Marriage : Dr Naznin |
16Oct: Physical Acts of Salat; A/P Dr Emad | 02Oct: Divorce & annulment: Dr Naznin |
23Oct: Special Types of Salat: A/P Dr Emad | 09Oct: Inheritance: Dr Hasan |
30Oct: Salat in Difficult Circumstances: A/P Dr Emad | 16Oct: Sales: Prof Omar |
06Nov: Saum: Dr Azizi | 23Oct: Personal Loans: Prof Kamaruzaman |
13Nov: Zakat: Dr Aziz | 16Oct: Investments: Prof Omar |
20Nov: Hajj: Dr Nasrelddin | 23Oct: Endowments: Prof Kamaruzaman |
BLOCK 2b: CRIMES AND JUDGMENT | |
06Nov: Crimes: Dr Hasan | |
13Nov: Legal competence: Prof Omar | |
13Nov: Judge etiquette, pleas, and evidence: Prof Omar | |
20Nov: Judgment, conviction, and punishment: Prof Omar | |
BLOCK 3: NORMAL CONDITIONS | BLOCK 3: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS |
08Jan: Menstruation: Dr Anisah | 08Jan: Family 1: gender: A/P Naznin |
15Jan: Human Sexuality: Dr Anisah | 15Jan: Family 2: Social and Marital Relations A/P Naznin |
22Jan: Pregnancy and Delivery: Dr Murad | 22Jan: Family 3:Parents, relatives, & Children: A/P Naznin |
29Jan: Breast feeding: Dr Abd al Wahab | 29Jan: The Masjid: Dr Abu Dharr |
05Feb: Dr Imad | 05Feb: Takaful: Dr Jamaluddin |
12Feb: Foods & Drinks: Dr Quazi | 12Feb: Shuura: Dr Azizi |
19Feb: Activity, Rest, and Sleep: Dr Ariff | 19Feb: Wealth: Dr Abd al Wahab |
BLOCK 4: PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS | BLOCK 4a: COMMUNITY PROBLEMS |
19Mar: Uro-genital system: A/P Dr Azmi | 02Apr: Lifestyle: Dr Norfadhilah |
26Mar: Cardio-respiratory system: Dr Puteri Melor | 02Apr: Sexual perversions: Dr Norfadhilah |
02Apr: Connective tissue system: Dr Puteri Melor | 02Apr: Addictions: Dr Norfadhilah |
09Apr: Alimentary system: Dr Mat Salleh | 09Apr: Poverty: Dr Jamaluddin |
16Apr: Sensory systems: Dr Anis Shah | 09Apr: Violence: Dr Jamaluddin |
23Apr: Patho-physiological & general systemic conditions: Dr Melor | BLOCK 4b: SOCIAL ACTION |
30Apr: Psychiatric conditions: Dr Umeed | 16Apr: Dawa: Dr Azizi |
SAMPLE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
YEAR 1 BLOCK 1
The following statements are true about the Islamic world view
A. Tauhid is the basis for physical laws in science and technology
B. Social laws have no relation with tauhid
C. Tauhid is the reason for contradictions in the physical universe
D. The perfection of the universe manifests tauhid
E. Tauhid gives purpose to human existence
YEAR 1 BLOCK 4
Write a short essay on any of the following topics:
- Difference between modernization and civilization
- The strategic importance of hijra
- The difference between the Makkan and the Madinan periods
- Islamic civilization in South East Asia
- The Common Human civilization
YEAR 2 BLOCK 2
The following statements are true about the definition of death
A. The concept of moral death has no basis in the Qur’an
B. The legal definition of death changes with growth of knowledge
C. The biological definition of death is very straightforward
D. Death is considered permanent with cessation of all physiologicasl functions
E. Sleep is a temporary form of death
YEAR 3 BLOCK 3
A 45 year old woman with prolonged menses of 2 weeks’ duration with a suprapubic mass corresponding to a 14 week size of a gravid uterus. Her periods were normal and regular before this. What advice will you give her regarding salat
A 5 year old boy with signs of kidney failure and the parents think he has been charmed and should seek traditional treatment. Explain how you would deal with this situation using Islamic teachings
How would you deal with a case of intestinal obstruction seeking advice about saum and salat.
How would you deal with a 60 year old with symptoms of stroke inquires about wudhu and salat
YR4 BLOCK 3
How would you convince a 29-year old man with right pneumothorax refuses to consent to insertion of a chest tube fearing damage to his internal organs
- Visiting a person with a contagious disease is prohibited
- Isolation of persons with contagious disease is discriminatory and is prohibited
- Discovery of a contagious disease in a spouse after marriage is a valid reason for nullification of marriage
- Discrimination of people with contagious diseases like HIV is allowed because they are to blame for their disease
- Excluding persons with contagious disease from congregational salat is recommended
A. Wudhu and ghusl can be valid by wiping over bandaged wounds
- A physically disabled person should pray as much as they can and cannot stop abandon salat
- Impotence due to paraplegia can be a valid basis for nullification of marriage
- Employment of the physically handicapped should consider their condition and not compel them to do work beyond ability
- Some physical handicaps like blindness and deafness disqualify a person from being a judge
3. The following statements are true about psychiatric conditions
- There is no obligation of hajj on a person with borderline personality who could break down under stress
- A person with a borderline personality can be excused from fasting is the fasting is feared to be a stressor that could precipitate a psychiatric crisis
- Persons with severe personality disorders should not be allowed to marry
- Contracts or court testimony by persons with personality disorders that affect free will are not valid
- There is no liability for crimes in a person with underlying personality disorders that are genetically-determined
4. The following statements are true about respiratory disorders
- There is no obligation of congregational salat for person with upper respiratory infection for fear of spreading the infection
- Persons with contagious respiratory infections should be isolated in hajj
- Physical movements of salat can be decreased in states of dyspnea
- Recitation in salat can be abandoned in cases of a repetitive cough
- Salat cannot be delayed in status asthmaticus
5. The following statements are true about cardiovascular disorders
- Tayammum is enjoined if cold water triggers Reynaud's syndrome
- Tayammum is enjoined in cases of varicose veins and phlebitis
- Tawaaf can be delayed if physical movements of salat dislodge an embolus in DVT
- Physical movements of salat can be limited if physical movements of salat dislodge an embolus in DVT