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Lecture for 3rd year medical students on 14th October 2000 by Professor Omar Hasan Kasule
A. TAHARAT and SALAT
TAHARAT AND CLEANILINESS
Protocol: Taharat is needed for acts of ibadat. Salat is not accepted without wudu, ta tuqbalu salaat bi gahyr tahuur (MB110: Bukhari-E Vol1 H137). Ibadat is direct communication with Allah. Protocol requires that humans do not present themselves in front of the Lord unless they are physically pure and clean.
Duality of taharat: taharat has a physical dimensions (p. 751 2;222, 5:6, 8:11, 25:48, 56:79, 74:4, 76:21). It is also has a spiritual and ritual dimension (p. p. 752 2:232, 3:42, 3:55, 5:41, 7:82, 9:103, 11:78, 27:56, 33:33, 33:53, 58:21, 80:41, 98:2) . Physical purity is conducive to spiritual purity. Physical purity enhances feelings of self esteem and self confidence since deliberate and sophisticated acts of cleanliness are only found in adult sane humans. The high self esteem thus engendered translates into emotional and psychological good feeling in preparation for the act of worship.
General cleanliness, nadhafat: The human has to be clean more and above the requirements of ritual purity, taharat, that is needed for salat. The concept of cleanliness is comprehensive including cleanliness of body, clothing, environment, as well as good general appearance. Cleanliness is part of iman. Cleanliness is a pre-requisite for successful and pleasant social intercourse. Since acts of worship are generally held in congregation, cleanliness will ensure that there are no unpleasant odors. Body and environmental hygiene will also limit the spread of infectious diseases in public places of worship. Physical impurity, najasat, is due to excretory or secretory products of humans or contact with materials defined by the Law as impurities, najasat. Ritual impurity is as important as physical impurity. A person may be ritually impure even if there are no physical signs of impurity and this occurs in three instances: post-coital impurity, janaba;, menstruation, haidh (p. 383 2:222); and post-natal bleeding, nifaas. The polytheists are referred to by the Qur'an as impure, najas (p. 1199 9:28) even if they are physically clean. This partly explains the obligatory bath on accepting Islam.
WUDHU
Merits of wudhu, fawaid/fadhl of wudu: Wudu had physical, psychological, and social or emotional benefits as explained above in the discussion of taharat.
Procedures of wudhu, kaifiyat al wudhu: Wudhu is washing or wiping with a wet hand the exposed parts of the body once (MB 126: Bukhari-E Vol1 H159) or twice (MB 127: Bukhari-E Vol1 H160) or thrice (MB128: Bukhari-E Vol1 H161). The obligatory parts involved are: the face, the hand s and forearms, the head and the feet (p. 752 5:6). There are additional non-obligatory acts that are recommended during wudhu. Water is run down the elbow (BG 45). Istinshaar is blowing of the nose to remove pollutants (MB 130). Madhmadhat is rinsing the mouth with water (BG36: Abudaud, Tirmidhi, Nisai, Ibn Majah). Istinshaaq is sniffing water into the nose (BG36: Abudaud, Tirmidhi, Nisai, Ibn Majah). Madhmamdhat and istinshaaq are done with separate scoops of water (BG47: Abudaud), this will prevent cross transfer of micro-organisms between the nostrils and the oral cavity. The external meastus of each ear is wiped with wet fingures (BG39: Baihaqi, Tirmidhi). It is recommended to wipe the whole head with a wet hand, mash kulla al ra-as (MB143: Bukhari-E vol1 H185) but any part of it is adequate. The head can be wiped once or three times (BG30: Bukhari & Muslim, BG31: Abudaud, Nisai, Tirmidhi). For a person wearing a turban it suffices to wipe on the turban (BG43: Muslim). It is allowed to wipe on the socks, mash ala al khuffain/mash ala al jiirat (MB153: Bukhari-E Vol1 H201; MB154: Bukhari-E Vol1 H203; MB155: Bukhari-E Vol1 H204; MB156: Bukhari-E Vol1 H205; BG43: Muslim), instead of washing the feet provided the socks were worn in a state of wudhu (BG53: Bukhari & Muslim). The socks are wiped on the top and not the bottom (BG55: Abudaud). The socks can be worn for three nights and three days and are not removed except in cases of ritual impurity, janabat (BG56: Nisai, Tirmidhi, Ibn Khuzaimah; BG57: Muslim; BG60: Darqutni, Ibn Khuzaimah). A patient wipes on socks or bandages over wounds in wudhu. The inter-digital space between fingures and toes is wiped clean (BG36: Abudaud, Tirmidhi, Nisai, Ibn Majah, Ibn Khuzaimah). It is allowed for a person to pour water for another one in wudhu (MB141: Bukhari-E Vol1 H182). All acts of wudhu start is with the right hand, tayammun (BG41: Bukhari & Muslim; BG42: Abudaud, Tirmidhi, Nisai, Ibn Majah, Ibn Khuzaimah). It is sunna not to converse during wudhu. Wudhu is completed with a supplication, dua (BG52: Muslim, Tirmidhi). It recommended to offer two rak’at of sunnat at the end of wudhu.
Acts that nullify wudu, nawaqidhu al wudu: The following materials or acts will abrogate wudhu: urine, bawl; feces, ghait, flatus, and riih al dubr, when there is a sound and an odor (BG66: Muslim; BG76: Bazzar); ejaculate, mani; urethral discharge,madhi (BG64: Bukhari & Muslim), prostatic discharge, wadi; menstruation, haidh, deep sleep (BG75: Ahmad, Tabarani); epistaxis (BG69: Ibn Majah), vomiting (BG69: Ibn Majah), eating camel meat (BG70: Muslim), touching the external genitals, mass al farj (BG68: Ahmad, Abudaud, Tirmidhi, Nisai, Ibn Majah).
Acts that do not nullify wudu: The following do not nullify wudhu: medical treatment involving bleeding like cupping, hijaam (BG74: Darqutni); touching a woman, mass al mar’a, with no sexual desire or intentions; bleeding from a fresh wound; intermenstrual bleeding (BG63: Bukhari & Muslim), dozing (BG62: Abudaud & Darqutni), and kissing (BG65: Ahmad).
Repeating wudhu: Wudhu is not repeated in cases of doubt, la yatawadhau min al shakk (MB112: Bukhari-E Vol1 H139). It is repeated when either feces, urine or flatus are passed (MB138: Bukhari-E Vol1 H176; MB139: Bukhari-E Vol1 H179; MB140: Bukhari-E Vol1 H180). It is also repeated on waking up from sleep (MB161: Bukhari-E Vol1 H211; MB162: Bukhari-E Vol1 H212; MB163: Bukhari-E Vol1 H213).
Acts prohibited when in a state of impurity: A person who has no wudhu can not touch the Qur'an (BG72: Muwatta, Nisai, Ibn Habaan). The name of Allah can be mentioned even if one has no wudhu (BG73: Muslim). It is recommended to have wudhu when reciting Qur'an or reading any book with Qur'anic verses in it because prostration of recitation, sujuud al tilawat, may be necessary. It is recommended to have wudhu while in the mosque but it is not prohibited to enter the mosque without wudhu..
Wudhu of children, wudhu al sibyaan: (MB488: Bukhari-E Vol1 H816; MB489: Bukhari-E Vol1 H817; MB490: Bukhari-E Vol1 H822).
WASHING OF THE BODY, ghusl:
Obligatory bath: Bath is obligatory in the following situations: coitus involving vaginal penetration even without ejaculation (p 751 4:43, 5:6, BG95: Bukhari & Muslim); male and female sexual emissions without coitus such as in a wet dream (BG94: Muslim; BG96: Bukhari & Muslim; BG97: Bukhari & Muslim); end of menstruation; end of post-natal bleeding since no prayer is allowed in post-natal bleeding until purity (BG128: Abudaud, Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah, Ahmad); after washing a dead body (BG98: Abudaud & Ibn Khuzaimah); and conversion to Islam (BG99: Abdurazaaq). It is obligatory to take at least one bath in a week, wujuub al ghusl marratan fi al usbuui (MB502: Bukhari-E Vol2 H21) preferably on Friday (BG100: Bukhari, Muslim, Abudaud, Tirmidhi, Nisai, Ibn Majah, Ahmad; BG101: Abudaud, Tirmidhi, Nisai, Ibn Majah, Ahmad). A pilgrim must bathe before assuming the state of ihraam.
Etiquette of bathing: Hair should be separated during washing, tahliil al sha'ar inda al ghusl (MB185: Bukhari-E vol1 H248). The bather should hide from being seen by people, al tasattur min al naas (MB199: Bukhari-E Vol1 H278). Plaited hair need not be undone, it suffices to pour water over it (BG 105). Bathing in stagnant water is forbidden. No bathing is needed in inter-menstrual dysfunctional bleeding; prayer can be performed after wudhu ().
TAYAMMUM
It is one of the special favours of Allah to the ummat that the earth is a cleanser (BG109: Muslim, Ahmad). In the absence of water, tayammum is carried out for both wudhu and ghusl (4:43, 5:6, BG112: Bazzaar). Tayammum is carried out when there is little water that must be saved for drinking. Tayammum is also carried out in extreme cold and disease conditions that would be aggravated by use of water. Tayammum is for example carried out when there is a wound (BG114: Darqutni, Bazzaar, Ibn Khuzaimah, Haakim, BG116: Abudaud). In such cases the patient can wipe over the bandage (BG115: Ibn Majah). Tayammum is wiping the face, hands, and forearms after lightly touching soil with dry hands (4:43, 5:6). There is no need to repeat a prayer performed after tayammum if water is subsequently found before the end of the time of salat.
CLOTHING, THAWB:
The purpose of clothes is to cover nakedness (p. 1038 7:26-27, 16:8), protect the body from the elements of weather, and to enhance appearance. Good dress is recommended (BG421: Baihaqi). Clean clothes are required (p 1037 74:4). Perfume can be worn. Nakedeness in salat is offensive, karahiyat al ta'arriy fi al salat (MB 239: Bukhari-E Vol1 H360). Silk is forbidden for men (BG415: Abudaud; BG416: Bukhari; BG417: Bukhari & Muslim) except for medical indications (BG418: Bukhari & Muslim). Ornamentation is part of dress (p. 1038 16:14, 35:12). Gold and silver are allowed for women and not men (BG420: Ahmad, Nisai, Tirmidhi). It is permitted to pray while wearing sandals, al salat fi al ni'aal (MB254: Bukhari-E Vol1 H383, BG170: Abudaud). It is also permitted to pray in socks, khuffayn (MB255: Bkhari-E Vol1 H384).
OBLIGATION AND EXEMPTIONS of SALAT
Obligation: Establishment of salaat is the main supporting pillar of Islam, al salaat, ‘imaad al ddiin. Salat is a distinguishing characteristic of believers, al farq bainana wa baina ghayrina al salaat 2:3, 2:177, 2:277, 4:162, 5:55, 7:170, 8:3, 9:18, 13:22, 14:37, 14:40, 21:73, 22:35, 22:41, 24:37, 27:3, 31:4, 35:18, 42:38). It has far-reaching positive impacts on the behavior of the worshipper (p. 710-711 23:1-2, 29:45, 31:4-5, 70:19-35, 74:42-47, 87:14-15). Salaat is ordained for all believers (p 712 2:45, 2:153, 4:103, 6:72, 11:114, 14:31, 17:78, 20:14, 20:132, 22:77-78, 24:56, 29:45, 30:31, 31:17, 73:20, 98:5, 108:2). Believers observe salaat assiduously (p. 713 2:238, 6:92, 23:9, 70:34, 107:4-5). Neglecting salaat is a cause of severe punishment (p. 712-713 19:59, 74:41-43, 75:31-32). Children should be told to pray at the age of 7 years, the age of discrimination, sinn al tamyiiz. They are punished for not praying at the age of 10. Adult obligation to pray is at puberty or age 15 whichever is earlier. Sanity, ‘aql, and presence of mind are conditions for obligations. It is offensive to be excessive in ibadat, karahiyat al tashaddud fi al ibadat (MB609: Bukhari-E Vol2 H25).
Exemptions: Women in menstruation, haidh, or post-natal bleeding, nifaas, are exempted from salat but they have to make up the missed ones (MB216: Bukhari-E Vol1 H318). They can however attend the 2 salat of eid, shuhuud al eidayn, but do not have to carry out the physical acts of prayer.
REGULATIONS & ETIQUETTE OF SALAT, ahkam & adab al salat
Conditions of validity of salat, shuruut al salat: Five conditions must be fulfilled for validity of salaat: (a) Purification of the body from excrement of stool and urine, taharat min al hadath al kabiir & saghiir. (b) Purity of the garment, taharat al thawb (c) Purity of the place, taharat al makan (d) Covering nakedness, satr al awrat and (e) Facing the direction of the kaaba, istiqbal al qiblat
Invalidators of salat, mubtilaat al salat: Extraneous action: It is forbidden to engage in any other actions while praying. Some acts can be permitted provided they are necessary and the movements involved are not excessive. It is permitted to pray while carrying a baby (MB323: Bukhari-E Vol1 H495, BG178: Bukhari & Muslim). A dangerous animal like a snake can be killed during salat (BG179: Abudaud, Nisai, Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah). Extraneous speech: Talking in salat is forbidden, maniu al kalaal fi al salaat (MB624: Bukhari-E Vol1 H290; BG172: Muslim; BG173: Muslim & Bukhari). No return of greetings is allowed when in salat (MB629: Bukhari-E Vol2 H308). If the imaam makes a mistake, men can draw his attention by tasbiih and women by clapping (BG174: Bukhari & Muslim). Eating: No food or drink can be consumed during prayer. It is recommended to rinse the mouth thoroughly before starting prayer to prevent eating any food remnants during salaat.
The call to prayer, adhaan: Wudhu is obligatory for adhaan (BG156: Tirmidhi). The words of adhan are repeated twice, al adhaan mathna (MB371: Bukhari-E Vol1 H579). The voice is raised in adhan, rafiu al saut fi al adhaan (MB373: Bukhari-E Vol1 H583). The listeners must respond to the adhan, al radd ala al muaddhin (MB375: Bukhari-E Vol1 H585; MB376: Bukhari-E Vol1 H586). The followers have to repeat after the muaddhin except 'hayya ala al salaat' and 'hayya ala al falaah' to which the response is 'la hawla wa la quwattan illa bi Allah' (BG153: Bukhari & Muslim). A precribed supplication, dua, is recited at the end of the adhan, dua inda al nidaa (MB377: Bukhari-E Vol1 H588; BG159: Abudaud, Nisai, Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah). It is permissible to pray non-obligatory prayer between adhaan and iqamat, nafilat bayna al adhaan wa al iqamatnafilat after iqamat (MB382: Bukhari-E Vol1 H600). When the call is made, the worshippers should come to salat with calmness, sakiinat (MB398: Bukhari-E Vol1 H608). Running and rushing too much are discouraged. When late, the worshippers prays what they find of the prayer and (MB382: Bukhari-E Vol1 H600). It is prohibited to pray any make up what they missed (BG335: Bukhari & Muslim). If the prayer is called and the meal is ready, it is recommended to start with the meal (MB403: Bukhari-E Vol1 H641; BG188: Bukhari & Muslim). Salat should be delayed in case of urgent physiological needs for urination and defecation (BG193: Muslim).
The qiblat: The direction of the kaaba, qiblat, must be faced wherever the worshipper is (p. 712 2:115, 2:144, 2:149-150, MB260: Bukhari Vol1 H392). It suffices to face the general direction of the kaaba (BG165: Tirmidhi). Facing the qiblat is not obligatory for nafilat when on a moving vehicle (BG166: Bukhari & Muslim). It is forbidden to pray facing graves (BG169: Muslim).
The mosque: Mosques should be built and furnished in a simple way. Excessive decoration of mosques is forbidden (BG206: Ahmad, Abudaud, Nisai, Ibn Majah; BG207: Abudaud). Mosques should be kept clean (MB288: Bukhari-E Vol1 H448). Spitting in the mosque is offensive (MB266: Bukhari-E Vol1 H407; BG205: Bukhari & Muslim). The mosque is a place of prayer. It is also a community center in which educational and community activities can be carried out. The following activities can be carried out: sitting in the mosque (MB297: Bukhari-E Vol1 H461), lying down to rest in the mosque (MB298: Bukhari-E Vol1 H464), and medical care in the mosque (MB291: Bukhari-E Vol1 H452; BG201: Ahmad, Abudaud). The following activities can not be carried out in the mosque: execution of punishments, huduud (BG201: Ahmad, Abudaud) and business transactions (BG200: Nisai, Tirmidhi). Prayer is permitted in the market mosque (MB299: Bukhari-E Vol1 H466). Salat can be offered outside the mosque: The term masjid does not necessary mean a built structure. All the earth was made a mosque for Muslims with the exception of the bath, hamaam, and the cemetery, qabr (BG167: Tirmidhi). Obligatory prayers are best performed in the mosque. Nafilat prayers are best performed at home (BG322: Bukhari & Muslim). Salat can be undertaken in open spaces. A barrier, sutrat, must be placed infront to prevent passers-by interfering with the worship (BG182: Hakim; BG185: Ahmad, Ibn Majah). The barrier should be at a reasonable distance (MB314: Bukhari-E Vol1 H475). It is a sin to pass in front of a person praying (MB321:Bukhari-E Vol1 H489; BG180: Bukhari & Muslim). All other causes of distraction should be removed from infront of the person praying (BG192: Bukhari). When praying outside, the worshipper should not look at the sky (BG193: Muslim). The Law is flexible about salat in a hospital environment. It permits salat in bed, al salat ala al firaash (MB251: Bukhari-E Vol1 H379) as well as salat facing a bed (MB319: Bukhari-E Vol1 H486). It is permitted to pray behind a sleeping person (MB322: Bukhari-E Vol1 H491).
Times of salat: Salat is held from morning into the night (p. 712 17:78). The times of salat are a fixed interval (BG129: Muslim). There is high merit to pray salat in its time interval (MB325: Bukhari Vol1 H500; MB329: Bukhari-E Vol1: H505). It is even higher merit to pray at the start of the time interval (BG140: Bukhari & Muslim). When on a journey, two adjacent salaats can be combined (MB336: Bukhari-E Vol1 H518) either in the time of the first one, jamu taqdiim, or the time of the second one, jamu taakhiir. Salat al dhuhr can be delayed in extreme heat (BG133: Bukhari & Muslim). Salat al isha can be delayed until later in the night (MB351: Bukhari-E Vol1 H545; BG130: Bukhari & Muslim; BG132: Muslim). Sleep before salat al isha is offensive (BG130: Bukhari & Muslim). It is also offensive to engage in conversation after salat al isha (BG130: Bukhari & Muslim). The prophet used to pray salat al fajr when it was still dark (BG130: Bukhari & Muslim). It is prohibited to pray at three time periods that sun-worshippers use to pray. Salat is prohibited after salat al fajr until sunrise (MB357:Bukhari-E Vol1 H555; MB358: Bukhari-E Vol1 H557; MB359: Bukhari-E Vol1 H557; MB360: Bukhari-E Vol1 H558, BG136: Bukhari & Muslim). Salat is also prohibited just before sunset (MB361: Bukhari-E Vol1 H561; MB362: Bukhari-E Vol1 H564; BG136: Bukhari & Muslim). Salat is forbidden at midday until the sun crosses the meridian (BG136: Bukhari & Muslim). A forgotten prayer is offered when remembered (MB366: Bukhari-E Vol1 H371). Missed prayers can be prayed in congregation, salat al jamaat ba'ada dhahaab al waqt (MB365: Bukhari-E Vol1 H570).
Salat al jamaat: Congregational prayer is obligatory ( ) and is more pure (BG336: Abudaud, Nisai). Salat al jamaat is 27 times better than individual prayer (BG314: Bukhari & Muslim). Salat al jamaat is so important that all should make the effort to attend including the sick (MB400: Bukhari-E Vol1 H400) and the blind (BG317: Muslim). A person already in the mosque should join those praying salat al jamaat and repeat a salat that he prayed already on his own; the repetition is counted for him as nafilat (BG319: Ahmad, Abudaud, Nisai, Tirmidhi). Regular attendance of congregational prayer is a sign of faith. The two most difficult congregation prayers for the hypocrites are salat al fajr and salat al isha (BG316: Bukhari & Muslim). The best reciter of the Qur'an has priority in selection of the imaam (BG327: Muslim). Handicaps such as blindness do not disqualify a person from being imaam (BG338: Ahmad, Abudaud). A woman can be imaam of other women (BG337: Abudaud). Once selected, the Imaam must be followed closely (MB409: Bukhari Vol1 H655; BG320: Abudaud; BG340: Tirmidhi). It is a sin to raise the head ahead of the imaam (MB412: Bukhari-E Vol1 H660). The imaam must consider the weak in the congregation (BG154:Ahmad, Abudaud, Nisai, Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah). The aim is a short but perfect salat (MB419: Bukhari-E Vol1 H674). Salat is shortened if a baby is crying (MB420: Bukhari-E Vol1 H675). The Imaam should shorten the qiyaam (MB417: Bukhari-E Vol1 H670; MB418: Bukhari-E Vol1 H673); this will relieve those with dependent edema and postural hypotension. The imaam should not prolong the salat by reading long chapters of the Qur'an (BG323: Bukhari & Muslim; BG325: Bukhari & Muslim). If the imaam prolongs the salat, the follower with a need is allowed to leave (MB416: Bukhari-E H669). The congregation must stand closely in rows (BG329: Abudaud, Nisai). The most forward rows are the best for men (BG 330) while the most rear rows are best for women (BG330: Muslim). It is forbidden to pray alone behind a line. One person should be pulled from the line to make a new line at the back (BG334: Ahmad, Abudaud, Tirmidhi).
Physical acts of salat:The procedure of salat, sifat al salat, was described in hadiths of the prophet and his companions (BG210: Bukhari, Muslim, Abudaud, Nisai, Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah, Ahmad; BG211: Bukhari; BG215: Muslim). The following is the sequence of these acts. Start: Salat starts with takbirat al ihraam. The hands are raised when reciting takbirat al ihraam (MB425: Bukhari-E Vol1 H702; BG216: Bukhari & Muslim). The right hand is put over the left hand (MB426: Bukhari-E Vol1 H707). Takbir is repeated every time there is a change of position (BG323: Bukhari & Muslim). The worshipper looks at the imaam (MB431: Bukhari-E Vol1 H713). It is prohibited to look at the sky (MB432: Bukhari-E Vol1 H717) or to allow distraction of the eyes (MB433: Bukhari Vol1 H718). Supplication to start the salat, dua iftitaah al salatRecitation: Recitation of surat al fatihat follows dua iftitaah al salat. No salat is valid without this recitation (BG218: Bukhari & Muslim). (BG212: Muslim; BG213: Bukhari & Muslim) takes various forms some long and some short. The recitation may or may not include basmalah at the start of surat al fatihat (BG219: Bukhari & Muslim; BG221: Darqutni) and ta'amiin at the end (BG222: Darqutni, Hakim). Surat al fatihat is followed by one other surat in the first 2 rakaats and is recited without an additional surat in the third and fourth rakaats (BG224: Bukhari & Muslim). Prostration of Qur'anic recitation, sujuud al tilawat (MB569: Bukhari-E Vol2 H173), preceded by takbiir is undertaken at specified verses of the Qur'an, ayaat al sujuud (BG270: Muslim; BG271: Bukhari; BG272: Bukhari; BG273: Bukhari & Muslim; BG276: Abudaud). Qunuut is recommended in the last rakaat of salat al fajr (BG241: Bukhari & Muslim; BG 244: Ahmad, Abudaud, Nisai, Tirmidhi, Ib Majah). Bowing: Bowing is performed with calmness it being necessary to stay stationery for a moment, tama'aniinat fi al rukuu (MB 461). Hands are put on the knees during bowing (MB 453) with fingures spread out or joined closely together (BG 237). It is required to ensure straightening the back after bowing, istiwau al dhahar fi al rukuu (MB 454). Prostration: Prostration is on 17 bones (MB 464, BG 234). Spreading out arms, iftiraash fi al sujuud (MB 460, BG 235) for men and not women. The palm is put firmly on the ground while the elbow is raised (BG 236). Sitting down between two prostrations, al mukth bayna al sajdatayn (MB 465), is required. Testament, tashahhud: The prophet described how to sit down in tashahhud (MB 469). Recitation of tashahhud, has several variants. The index finger is used to point or it can be moved (BG 246). There is a supplication, dua al tashahhud, and a prayer for the prophet, salaal ala al nabi. Prostrations of forgetting: When an obligatory act is forgotten, there is prostration for forgetting, sujuud al sahaw (MB 631, BG 262, BG 263). These are 2 prostrations before tasliim for each act of forgetting (BG 269). If the worshipper doubts how many rakaats have been prayed, an attempt must be made to remove the doubt and prostration of forgetting at the end is necessary (BG 265). Followers have to what the forgetting imaam is doing (BG 268) even if they realize he is forgetting and is making a mistake. Closure: Formal closure of salat is with tasliim (MB 476). The salat is formally closed after the first tasliim. The second tasliim is sunnat. The following can be done after the formal closure of the salat: supplication, dua, (BG 255), remembrance of Allah, dhikr (BG 256), and recitation of ayat al kursi (BG 258).
OBLIGATORY SALAT
Al salawaat al khams, the five daily prayers: The 5 canonical prayers are obligatory. Salat al fajr is offered at dawn. Salat al dhuhr is offered at mid-day and salat al asr is offered at mid-afternoon. Salat al magrib is offered at sunset. Salat al isha is offered at night. These five prayers are obligatory for all Muslims. Friday is a special day of prayer for Muslims but unlike Judaism and Christianity, Islam leaves it as a day of work. When the call to prayer is made, Muslims hasted to the prayer. When the prayer is concluded, Muslims resume their business (p. 712 62:9-10). Salat al jumuat is obligatory for all Muslims (MB 492) exceptions being servants, women, children, the sick, and the traveler (BG 376). Any 40 residents are obliged to hold salat al jumaat in their location (BG 372). Use of perfume on Friday is recommended (MB 493). Good clothes should be worn (MB 497). Bathing is required (MB 504 and 504). Two calls. The first one is a warning and the second one is just before the start of the khutbat (MB 509). Listening to the khutbat is an integral part of the salat (MB 520). It is forbidden to speak during the khutbat including admonishing another person to be quiet. A late-comer should pray 2 short rakaats of salat al nafilat before sitting down to listem to the khutbat. The imaam delivering the khutbat must do so standing up (BG 359) and leaning on a weapon such as a sword or a stick (BG 378). The imaam's voice is raised so all can hear (BG 360). It is preferable that the khutbat be short (BG 361). The Qur'an must be recited in the khutbat (BG 362, BG 374). Salat al jumaat is 2 rakaats prayed after the khutbat with loud recitation of the Qur'an. A late-comer who prays only one rakaat with the imaam can make up the missed rakaat (BG 358). Salat al jumu'at can be delayed on a hot day (MB 506).
NON-OBLIGATORY SALAT
Salat al layl: Waking up at night and praying is a sign of faith and is encouraged (p. 713 17:78-79, 25:64, 51:17-18, 52:49, 73:1-6, 73:20, 76:26). There is no limit to the number of rakaats that can be prayed at night but each two must be concluded with tashahhud and tasliim, salaat al layl mathna mathna. Witr is the last prayer of the night (MB 542). It can be offered at any time of the night between salat al isha and salat al fajr (MB 541, BG 296). The rakaats in witrs are odd in numbers: one, three, five, seven. nine etc (BG 293). Salat al tatawu'u: This consists of prayers before, qabliyat, and after, ba'adiyat, the 5 prescribed prayers (BG 281, BG 282, BG 283, abd BG 284). Salat al tatawu'u is 2 rakaats at a time (BG 291). Salat al eid: Salat al eid is a community gathering to which all should come including menstruating women who attend but do not actually pray (BG 389). Food is taken before salat eid al fitr (MB 528, BG 387) but not before salat eid al adh'ha (BG 388). It is sunnat to use one route to the congregation place and return by a different route (BG 397). It is also sunnat to go to salat al eid on foot (BG 399). The salat al eid congregation is best held in an open space but if it rains it is held in the mosque (BG 400). Salat al eid consists of 2 rakaat followed by 2 sermons, khutbat (BG 390, BG 394). Adhan and iqamat are not required (BG 392). There are 7 takbirs in the first rakaat and 5 in the second (BG 395). No salat nafilat is allowed before or after salat al eid at the place of the congregation (BG 391). Salat al istisqau: Salat al istisqau (MB 547) is offered to pray for rain in times of drought. Salat al kusuuf is prayer during eclipse of the sun (MB 561). The prayer is continued until the eclipse is over (BG 401). Salat al khussuf: This is prayer offered during the eclipse of the moon. Salat al haajat: Salat al khawf: This is prayer during a military engagement. Some pray while others guard them (p. 711 4:102, BG 379, BG 380, BG 381). If the danger is extreme prayer can be performed while riding or standing (P. 711 2:238-239). One rakaat is sufficient when in danger (BG 383, BG 384). Salat during wind storms: BG 404. Salat during earthquakes (BG 405).
Salat al janazat: Salat al janazat is performed to pray for the dead. It is preceded by several measures including taking care of the terminal patient, preparing the corpse, and resolving legal obligations. The dying should be taught the testament 'la ilaaha illa al llaahu' (BG 428). Surat Yaasiin is read to them (BG 429) in addition to supplications, dua (BG 430). On death, the body is covered (BG 431). Kissing the body is allowed (BG 432). Debts of the deceased must be settled before proceeding further with rituals of burial (BG 433). The body is washed; men preferably should wash men and women wash women; a man could wash a woman (BG 443, 444). Care must be taken not to damage the body such as breaking bones (BG 468). The body is shrouded in simple white garments (BG 439) with no extravagance (BG 442). Salat al janazat is held for all the dead even those executed for infringement of huduud (BG 445). No salat al janazat is held for those who died of suicide (BG 446). Salat al janazat is held just before burial. It could be held after burial (BG 447) and for a deceased buried elsewhere, salat al ghaib (BG 449). Salat al janazat consists of 2 takbirs without any bowing or prostration. Surat al fatihat is recited (BG 456) in addition to supplications (BG 457, BG 458, BG 459).
SALAT IN DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCES
The following are considered difficult physical circumstances: extreme heat, extreme cold, rain & flooding, earthquake, and a long journey. The following are considered difficult psychological conditions: fear, khawf, urgent need for relief of stool or urine, hunger when food is presented, overwhelming sleep, forgetting, and mind wandering. Salat can be delayed for weather conditions that can change for example delaying salat al dhuhr on a hot day (MB 332). The traveller can shorten the prayer, qasr al salat (p. 713 4:101, MB 575 and MB 576). This applies to the 4-rakaat prayers: salat al dhuhr, salat al asr, and salat al isha. Salat al maghribsalat al fajr are prayed in full (BG 341, 342, 344, 345, 346). The traveler is permitted to join 2 adjacent prayers, jamu al salat fi al safar (MB 586, BG 347, 348). There is merit in shortening the prayer by the traveler (BG 350). It is offensive for the traveler to refuse making use of the exemptions given (BG 343). The minimal distance for shortening prayer is 48 miles (BG 349). If there is no way at all for holding salat, it can be mad up at a suitable time later. and
SALAT OF THE SICK, salat al maridh
The patient may have the following physical handicaps: inability to face the qiblat, inability to stand, inability to sit, inability to read, inability to bow, and inability to prostrate.The following are solution alternatives: make-up salat, qadha al salat; resting for moments in a sitting position to regain energy for the next movement; praying in a sitting position (MB 588-589); praying while sitting down and cross-legged (BG 353); praying while lying down on one side of the body (MB 587, BG 351); resting on a staff in salat; Praying by gesturing with one part of the body eg finger (BG 260, 261, 352); and finally praying in the mind with no motions. The sick stop qiyam al layl (MB 592) and try to fulfil the 5 prescribed prayers. Salat can be interrupted for an urgent need (MB 627) that could be medical or otherwise.
B. SIYAAM
OBLIGATION, taklif
Conditions of obligation: Three conditions are considered in fasting: age, mental condition, and physical condition. Obligation to fast the month of Ramadhan is on those who have reached puberty or the age of 15. Fasting of children (MB 954) is for training but is not obligatory. The insane and those with physical conditions that can be aggravated by fasting are exempted. The sick are allowed to make up for lost days later (p. 718 2;183-185). Excuse from fasting may be or may not be accompanied by kaffaarat. Excuse from saum with no kaffarat occurs in the following conditions excuse from fasting and do not have to make it up: Old age, shiekh kabiir; weakness, 'ajz; and illness with no hope of cure, maradh muzmin. In these cases no kaffaarat is paid. Excuse from saum with kaffarat occurs in the following conditions that permit breaking the fast but with make-up later with payment of kaffaarat: travel, safar; illness with recovery expected; mistakes in saum such as eating or drinking forgetfully.
Non-obligatory fasting, siyaam al tatawu'u: The following are permitted non-obligatory fasting: fasting Mondays (BG 552), fasting 6 days in the month of shawal (BG 553), fasting 3 days in every month (BG 556). of the month of Sha'abaan (BG 563), and fasting the day of Arafat for the pilgrim (BG 566). The woman can fast non-obligatory fasts only with consent of her husband (BG 557). Decisions of non-obligatory fasting should consider three types of rights: rights of the self, haqq al nafs; rights of the family, haqq al ahlhaqq al jasad (MB 963). A balance is needed among these rights. A balance must also be established between fulfilling these rights and ibadat. (MB 962), and rights of the body,
Prohibited fasting: The following types of fasting are forbidden: fasting of the 2 days of eid al fitr and eid al adh-ha (BG 558), fasting during ayaam al tashriik (BG 559, BG 560), singling out Friday as a day of fasting (BG 561, 562), fasting in the second half.
REGULATIONS & ETIQUETTE, ahkam & adab al saum
Pillars of fasting: Fasrting has two main pillars, arkaan al saum: intention, niyyat al saum and abstinence from food or drink, imsaak 'an al ta'aami wa al sharaabi.
The merits of fasting, fadhl al siyaam, are many and varied. The spiritual merits are expiation of sins. The medical merits are appetite and weight control. The social merits arise from the self control and self-discipline. The fasting person is enjoined to desist from quarrelling, loud talk, cruel acts, forged talk. Fasting also helps in sexual self control.
Etiquette of fasting: The following are etiquettes of fasting, adaab al siyam: Intention of fasting, niyyat al siyaam, before fajr (BG 532); delaying suhuur such that there is a very short time remaining before fajr (MB 935); hastening breakfast (MB 952, BG 534, BG 535), breaking the fast with dates and water (BG 536), avoiding overeating at breakfast or suhuur, and avoiding falsehood or foolishness during fasting (BG 538).
Start and end of fasting: Start and end of the month of fasting is based on seeing the crescent, al saum wa al iftaar bi ru'uyat al hilaal (MB 928-929). In cloudy skies, completion of Ramadhan is by counting 30 days from the start of the fasting (BG 527). It is prohibited to fast 1 or 2 days before Ranadhan (MB 932, BG 527). It is prohibited to fast a doubtful day (BG 528).
Permitted acts of fasting: The following are permitted during the day: using the tooth-pick, siwaak; washing or bathing in water with care being taken not to swallow any water; applying kuhl (BG 543); kissing a spouse if there is no fear of sexual temptation; injection of medication, venupuncture or cupping (MB 92, BG 540, BG 542), washing or rinsing inside the mouth and nostrils. Swallowing saliva needs to be clarified. Since salivary glands continually produce saliva during fasting and other times, it would accumulate in the mouth unless swallowed. There is therefore continuous unconscious swallowing of saliva in small quantities. If this is forbidden any person fasting will be required to spit saliva on a continuous basis that will be a source of inconvenience.
Recommended acts of fasting, sunan al siyaam: Suhuur is not compulsory (MB 936) but is highly recommended. Salaat al tarawiih in a community mosque is highly recommended. There is high merit of standing up in prayer during Ramadhan, fadhl qiyaam ramadhan (MB 972). There is high merit in itikaaf in the last 10 days of Ramadhan (MB 978). Itikaaf can be only during the night (MB 980). A person in itikaaf can enter the home for a need (MB 979). Normal marital relations are not allowed during itikaaf (p. 719 2:187).
Offensive acts of fasting, makruhaat al siyaam: It is offensive to perform continuous day and night fasting, wisaal (MB 955, MB 956, BG 537). Fasting every day for life, siyam al dahr, is discouraged. Kissing is offensive for young couples or those who can not control themselves from sexual arousal (BG 539).
Prohibitions of fasting, muharramaat al siyaam: Sexual intercourse is forbidden in the day but allowed at night (p. 718 2:187, MB 933). Sexual intercourse during the day leads to severe punishment: fasting 2 consecutive months or feeding 60 poor (MB 941, BG 549). Eating and drinking are forbidden during the day but are allowed at night (p. 718 2:187, MB 934). Eating and drinking in forgetfulness (MB 940) or eating before sunset by mistake (MB 953) do not invalidate fasting; the day is completed with no need to repeat.
Nullification of fasting, mubtilaat al siyaam: The following abrogate fasting and require make-up, qadha: deliberate eating and drinking, akl 'amdan; deliberate sexual intercourse, jimaa'u; menstruation, haidh; post-natal bleeding, nifaas; masturbation, istimnaan; eating or sexual intercourse by mistaking time to be after maghrib. Spontaneous vomiting does not require atonement but induced vomiting does (BG 545).
Measures to prevent physiological harm: The prophet (PBUH) taught measures to ensure that fasting does not cause physiologic damage. Fasting continuously from day to day, wisaal, was forbidden (KS330: Bukhari K30 B20, Bukhari K20 B48-50, Bukhari K96 B5, Muslim K13 H55-61, Abu Daud K14 B25, Tirmidhi K6 B62, Darimi K4 B14, Muwatta K18 H38-39, Muslim #2426, 2427, 2429, 2430, 2433, 2434, 2435). Early breakfast was recommended (KS330 Bukhari K30 B45, Muslim K13 H47-51, Abu Daud K14 B21, Tirmidhi K6 B13, Nisae K22 B23, Ibn Majah K7 B24, Darimi K4 B11, Muwatta K18 H6-8). Travelers were exempted from fasting (KS330-331 Bukhari K30 B33-38, Bukhari K30 B43-45, Bukhari K56 B71 &134, Bukhari K64 B47, Muslim K130 H52-54, Muslim K130 H88-109, Abu Daud K14 B20 & 43-45, Tirmidhi K22 B46-62 & 74, Ibn Majah K7 B10-12, Darimi K4 B15-16, Muwatta K18 H22-26, Muslim # 2467, 2468, 2470, 2471, 2472, 2474, 2475, 2476, 2477, 2479, 2480, 2481, 2482, 2483. Delaying suhuur was recommended (KS 331 Hakim p. 147). A menstruating woman is temporarily exempted from fasting but she has to replace the days missed ( ). Exemption from fasting is also given to the pregnant woman, the breast-feeding woman, the elderly, and the sick (KS334: Bukhari K65 surat 2 B25, Tirmidhi K6 B21, Nisae K22 B51 & B62 & B64, Ibn Majah K7 B21, Muwatta K18 H25).
Medical guidelines for fasting: The aim should be maintaining normal body weight or actually reducing it if overweight. Over-eating at iftaar and suhuur should be avoided. Over-eating will cause indigestion. The diet should contain sufficient fiber to prevent constipation. Fiber and slowly digested foods with a long stomach transit times are preferred. Enough water should be taken at night both for preventing dehydration and preventing constipation. Adequate fluid and salt intake prevents lethargy in the afternoon caused by low blood pressure. Hunger is a cause of headache especially later in the day. Intake of adequate calcium, magnesium, and potassium will prevent muscle crumps. Hot places should be avoided. Attempts should be made to keep cool. Inadequate sleep is a cause of headaches. In non-diabetics hypoglycemia may be due to insulin overproduction on intake of refined sugar. In diabetics it may arise due to insulin injections with inadequate dietary intake. Peptic ulcers are aggravated by raised acid levels. Kidney stones may be due to low fluid intake. Joint pains may be due to excess solutes
FASTING IN DIFFICULT PHYSICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Travel: The prophet fasted on a journey (MB 943) and also broke the fast on another journey (BG 546). A Muslim may or may not fast on a journey (MB 944, MB 945, MB 946, MB 947, and MB 948). It is however preferable to take the exemption and break the fast during a journey.
Difficult weather: Fasting in conditions of extreme heat leads to dehydration. Care should be taken to take enough fluids at suhuur and not to expose oneself to extreme environmental temperatures. In very cold areas, the metabolic rate is raised to be able to generate sufficient heat for maintaining body temperature. In such conditions extra care should be taken to consume enough food and to cover oneself properly to minimize heat loss. Regions of the world near the two poles may have extremely long days in summer and very short ones in winter. It is recommended that the times of suhuur and iftaar of the nearest temperate region should be followed rather than following local sun-rise and sunset.
FASTING OF THE SICK, saum al maridh and FASTING OF THE OLD, saum al kabiir
The very sick with chronic disease and the elderly do not fast but feed the poor instead (BG 548). The heirs can perform make-up fasting, qadha al saum, for days missed by a deceased disabled by disease in terminal illness (MB 948, MB 950, BG 551).
MEDICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Breaking routines: Fasting breaks the normal routines of life that revolve around meals. It creates a different psychological milieu that liberates the mind from the routines of life and gives it an opportunity to reflect on the bigger issues of the creator, the good and the bad.
Empowerment: A fasting person is able to control the appetite for food and to withstand hunger for a whole day. This is an exercise in self-control and self-discipline that empowers the person. This empowerment can be transferred to other life activities. Fasting is a means of instilling sexual self-control, al saum li man khaafa al 'uzuubat (MB 927).
C. ZAKAT
OBLIGATION, taklif
Zakat al maal is obligatory (p. 531 2:43, 2:83, 2:110, 4:77, 9:5, 9:11, 22:78, 24:56, 33:33, 58:13, 70:24-25, 73:20, 98:5, MB 702, BG 483). The obligation is when a person has held a minimum taxable amount, nisaab, for 1 year, hawl. The obligation is related to the property and not the person. For example the wealth of a minor or an insane is zakatable although they are both exempt from other legal obligations. The orphan's wealth must be invested otherwise it will be exhausted by annual zakat payments (BG 491). Zakat al fitr is obligatory (MB 766, BG 505) and must be paid before salat eid al fitr (MB 767, BG 567). Voluntary alms, sadaqat al tatawu'u, is encouraged.
Sadaqat al tatawu’u is best given in secrecy (BG 508). Priority in sadaqat is given to relatives (BG 512, BG 513, BG 515). Sadaqat is not given to the rich or the able-bodied (BG 521).
REGULATIONS & ETIQUETTE, ahkam & adab al zakat
Zakat can be paid in kind (MB 732) or as cash. The computation of zakat on live-stock and agricultural produce is made in kind and then converted into cash if need be. Normally zakat is paid at the end of the zakatable year. It however can be paid in advance before it is due (BG 493). Zakat arrears are also due and payable. Zakat on joint property is computed on the total property; it is illegal to divide up the property and allocating portions less than the nisaab to each partner in order to avoid payment (MB733 and MB 734). The Qur'an and sunnat have listed the categories of zakat recipients. Zakat is preferably given to relatives (MB 740 and MB 747) if they are among the categories of zakat beneficiaries. Zakat can also be given to a wife (MB 744) provided no deception to avoid payment of zakat or nafaqat is involved. Zakat can be given to orphans (MB 745). It is illegal to buy back any article given as zakat to the poor (MB 757).
ZAKATABLE WEALTH, nisaab
Zakat is levied on property kept in possession for 1 year (BG 489). Quorum, nisaab, is a minimum zakatable wealth specified for gold, silver, dates, camels etc (BG 494). The law has specified the quorum for zakat on buried treasures (BG 503, BG 504), zakat on gold ornaments worn by women (BG 498, BG 500), and zakat on crops. Zakat is levied only on specified and not all crops (BG 496). The zakat rate is different for naturally and artificially irrigated crops (BG 495). Zakat on crops is due at the time of harvest. The zakat rate for money is 1 in 40 or 2.5% (BG 489). The quorum is 100 dirhams kept for 1 year (BG 489). No zakat is levied on a horse (BG 487) or working cattle (BG 490).
BENEFICIARIES OF ZAKAT
The Qur'an has mentioned the following eight categories of zakat recipients (p 532 9:60):
Faqiir
Maskiin
Zakat administrators, ‘aamiluuna ‘alaiha
New/potential Muslims , muallafat al quluub
Slaves in bondage who need funds to be buy their freedom
Prisoners
The heavily indebted
Those struggling in the way of Allah, sabilullah
ADMINISTRATION OF ZAKAT COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION
The individual can compute and give zakat directly to the poor or any of the categories of legal recipients. Zakat can also be given to charitable organizations. A non-governmental community organization may collect and distribute zakat. The government could collect and distribute zakat
D. PILGRIMAGE, hajj
OBLIGATION, taklif
Hajj is obligatory (MB 769). The obligation is only one hajj in a life-time. Any extra hajj after that is sunnat (BG 589). Hajj is obligatory only on those who have the physical ability to travel to Makka and come back, istitaat al sabiil (p 315 3:97). The obligation of hajj, unlike umrah, is confined to a specific period in the year (p 314 2:158; p 315 22:28). The conditions of obligation, shuruut al taklif, that the intending pilgrim must fulfill are: being a Muslim, adult (post puberty or aged 15 years and above), sane, healthy, and has the provisions for the journey. Hajj of boys (MB 897, BG 583) is valid but has to be repeated on attainment of adulthood (BG 586). The following additional conditions have also to be observed: safety of the road, enough support for family until return, and a non-marriageable male relative, mahram, as companion for a woman (BG 587). Hajj can be performed on behalf of a dead person (MB 896, BG 585) or an old person (BG 584). It is required that a person performs his or her own obligatory hajj before performing it for someone else (BG 588).
PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY
Air-borne infections are likely because of the crowding of so many people in a confined space. Spitting on the street should be discouraged. Proper personal hygiene is necessary. Food bought from street vendors may not be hygienic. Close contact with people with infections should be limited. During diarrhea or vomiting extra efforts should be made to take fluids to replace the losses. Food should be limited to carbohydrates and vegetables while avoiding proteins. Fire could arise from cooking or other activities. It can spread quickly and reach many people because of crowded living in tents. Air, water, and soil pollution are likely environmental hazzrds. Heat stroke is a common condition among pilgrims. The temperatures in the deserts of Hejaz can rise to be very high. Pilgrims who are over-exposed to heat can develop heat stroke. Physical exhaustion affects pilgrims who come from far away and follow a heavy schedule in Hejaz. Travel is part of punishment, al safar qit'at min al adhaab MB 878. It is physically and psychologically exhausting. The many rites of hajj that have to be performed in a short period of time can be very exhausting. Other hazards are: stampedes, road traffic injuries, injury at jamaraat, and being lost:
CARE FOR HEALTH
Patients on regular medical treatment should bring their medicine with them and continue taking it regularly. The heat of Hejaz may exercabate skin diseases; pilgrims should carry necessary medication with them. Moisturizers should be used to treat dry skin. Regular exercise before going for hajj will put the body in a good physical condition to withstand the rigors of hajj. Suitable foot wear should be used to give comfort to the feet while not breaking the laws of ihraam. A skin cream can be used to protect against severe sunlight.
REGULATIONS & ETIQUETTE OF HAJJ, ahkaam wa adab al hajj
Conditions of hajj, shurrut al hajj, are ritual bathing, ghusl, and putting on clean garments as specified by the Law. The following actions are required before ihram: cleanliness; shaving or trimming hair including pubic hair, axillary hair, and the moustache; cutting nails; and washing the whole body, ghusl (BG 595). The following actions are forbidden for the muhrim: marriage contract, 'aqd al nikaah (BG 598); sexual intercoutse, jimau; cutting nails, taqliim al adhfaar; shaving hair, izaalat al sha’ar, except for medical purposes like lice which requires kaffarrat (BG 603), and using perfume, al tatayub (BG 597). The time of hajj must be observed. Hajj can only be undertaken in the holy months, al ash hur al haraam, that are recognized, ashhur ma'alumaat (MB 790). Hajj outside the prescribed period is not recognized. Hajj can be performed in three variants: tamattu, ifrad, and iqraan (MB 791, MB 792, MB 793, MB 794, MB 795, MB 796, MB 797). The Law specified dress for hajj, libaas al ihraam (MB 784 and MB 780). Sewn clothes, turbans, shirts, shoes, and dyed clothes are forbidden for men (BG 596). There are no restrictions on the dress of women. Mawaqiit are sites outside the holy sanctuary of Makka at which the approaching pilgrim makes the intention to perform hajj (BG 590-591). The intention for umrat must be before reaching Makka. If one is already in Makka and desires to perform umrat, he has to go to masjid al tan'iim and make the intention from there, Umrat al taniim (MB 869).
PHYSICAL ACTS OF HAJJ and UMRAT
In a long hadith by Muslim (BG 607) the acts of hajj were listed as: talbiyat, tawaaf, salat in maqaam Ibrahim, trotting between safa and marwa, travel to muna, standing at Arafat, travel to and staying at Muzdalifat, stoning, slaughter, and return to Makka. The formular for talbiyat is well known. The voice may or may not be raised in talbiyat (BG 619). Circumbulation of the kaaba, tawaaf, is done 7 times. Trotting or jogging, raml,is recommended (MB 813, 814, 811). Tawaaf al quduum (MB 817-818). Tawaaf al wida (MB 858 and MB 859). Conversation is allowed in tawaaf (MB 819). Standing in Arafat, wuquuf bi arafat (MB 831), for a whole day. Stoning the devil, ramy al jimaar (MB 854, 855) involves ritual throwing of 7 pebbles at each of the three jamaraat. Kissing and touching the black stone (MB 812, and MB 816) is recommended if possible. The trot between safa and marwa, sa'ay, is an obligation (MB 825)
WOMEN RULINGS
Special rulings were made to ease the performance of hajj for women in their menstruation. Menstruating woman can do everything except tawaaf (MB 827). Menstruating woman can leave Makka after tawaaf al ifaadhat (MB 860). At the end of hajj, women need not shave hair, clipping is sufficient (BG 634). Hormones can be used by women to delay their menstruation in order to avoid interference with hajj rites.
PERMISSIBLE ACTS
There are several restrictions on the pilgrim while in the state of ihraam. These are lessened and finally lifted towards the end of the pilgrimage. After throwing the pebbles, everything is permitted to the pilgrim except sex (BG 633). Essential things like medical treatment are not restricted for example cupping was allowed in hajj (MB 892, BG 602)
PROHIBITIONS OF HAJJ
Shaving hair is forbidden unless there is a medical indication (p 315 2:196-199). Violence is prohibited. Because of the sanctity of Makka, no fighting is allowed in the holy sanctuary. Hunting of wild game is forbidden ( ). Cutting thorns is forbidden ( ). Dangerous animals can be killed in hajj (MB 889). The laws of homicide however apply (BG 604)
PILGRIMAGE IN DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCES
Extreme heat could make the performance of outdoor rites difficult. War & Insecurity in Hejaz or on the way could interfere with hajj. If a pilgrim can not be assured of safety of person and property, he can discontinue the hajj wherever he is and return another year (p 315 2:196-199). Disease epidemics in Hejaz or on the way are a reason for delaying hajj and taking other precautionary public health measures.
PILGRIMAGE OF THE SICK, hajj al mariidh
The physically disabled can circumbulate the kaaba riding on a vehicle or being carried by another person. The weak may be hurt by the crowds at the Kaaba, Mina, Arafat, Muzdalifat and Jamaraat. The weak can leave Muzdalifat earlier to avoid the crowds (BG 620-621). In case of a fracture, hajj is stopped and is repeated the next year (BG 647).
Patients with diabetes need to take extra precautions. Care should be taken by diabetics when drinking not to take drinks that have a lot of sugar that will disturb diabetic control. The patient should work closely with the physician. Control of diabetes should be achieved and stabilized at least 6 months before traveling for hajj. Forward planning is necessary to make sure that the same type of dietary regime will be available during hajj so that there are no sudden dietary changes that can spin diabetes out of control. Care of the feet is very important because of the high possibility of injury to the feet while wearing only sandals. This includes care of the nails that must be trimmed. The feet must be kept feet moist because dryness could lead to cracking that does not heal easily in a diabetic. Care is taken while walking not to have feet trampled on and injured by other pilgrims.
For patients of hypertension, blood pressure control and stabilization must be achieved at least 3 months before departure. Use of anti-diuretics must anticipate a hotter climate in Saudi Arabia with more fluid losses by perspiration. For patients with gout, dietary guidelines must be followed closely and attention must be given to proper hydration.
E. JIHAD
PURPOSE
Jihad can be taken for a variety of purposes: self-defense and checking aggression (p 304 2:194, 4:48, 8:60), protect freedom of religion (p. 304 2:19, 2:217, 4:76-77, 8:37, 8:73, 9:5, 9:11-12, 9:23, 9:41, 9:120, 22:39-41, 60:1), and removing oppression (p. 304 22:39-40). The highest and most noble purpose is to rause high the word of God, rafiu kalimat al Llaah (MB 1218).
OBLIGATION, takliif
Communal and individual obligation: Jihad is enjoined upon Muslims (p. 305 2:190-191, 2:193-194, 2:244, 4:71, 4:74-76, 4:84, 4:89, 4:104, 5:35, 8:39, 8:65, 9:5, 9:14, 9:38, 9:41, 9:73, 9:123, 47:4, 66:9). Refusing to participate in jihad is an act of rebellion, ma'asiyat (p 307 3:155, 3:167-168, 4:72-73, 4:77-78, 5:54, 8:15-16, 9:39, 9:45, 9:118, 33:16-17, 60:1). Jihad is communally obligatory, fard kifayat, in most cases. It is individually obligatory, fard ayn, in specific instances. Jihad is communally obligatory when a Muslim country goes out to fight. It is individually obligatory when a Muslim country is invaded. Jihad is also personally obligatory for all those in the battle-field. If killing and torture are likely on being captured, then men and women are all individually obliged to fight.
Conditions of obligation, shuruut al taklif:, The fighters must be adults, sane, able-bodied, mentally and physically healthy, and have parental permission (MB 1288, BG 1083). A fighter could stay back for a legal reason (MB 1228) like body weakness, illness, lack of provisions or equipment (p. 307 9:91-92). The handicapped are excused (p. 307 48:17). Those who do not go to the war front may contribute by provisioning & equipping fighters or looking after their families (MB 1230). Women can carry water (MB 1244) or nurse the wounded (MB 1245). The obligation to fight is still operative even if under an unjust ruler (MB 1234).
PREPARATION and STRATEGY
Health preparation for jihad requires prompt diagnosis and treatment of diseases, a balanced diet, sports and physical exercise, and mental health by thinking of Allah. Psychological preparation involves maintaining and promoting the male aggressive instinct which is necessary in armed struggle. Psychological technics can be used in psychological warfare is used to create terror in the enemy camp (MB 1297). Material preparation requires that provisions be prepared in advance (MB 1280). Preparation of horses (MB 1236) and other means of transport including fighting vehicles. Preparation also includes financial contributions (p 304-305 8:72, 9:41, 9:44, 9:111, 9:120-121, 57:10, 61:11). Tactical preparation includes reconnaissance (MB 1233), diversionary movements (BG 1090), and other means of confusing the opponent because war is deceit (MB 1297). Counter intelligence operations are needed to identify and neutralize spies (MB 78). Allies who can give political, logistic, material, and military support should be approached. Help from polytheists is not accepted (BG 1093).
COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATION
The mujahidiin must unite (p. 305 8:46, 9:36, 81:4). They have to follow and obey the imaam (MB 1269, MB 1299).
RULES OF WARFARE
Fighting is forbidden in the holy sanctuary of Makka (p 302 2:191, 2:194, 2:217). Vigilance (MB 1246, MB 1247) and guarding, ribaat (MB 1250) are needed to avoid surprises by the enemy. There should be no unnecessary exposure to risk (BG 1097). The prophet wore a protective helmet (BG 1103). Women and children of the opponents are not killed unless they fight (MB 1294, BG 1094). Mutilation of the dead (BG 1088) or burning of enemy corpses (MB 1294) are not allowed. Animals and crops are destroyed only if that helps defeat the enemy; for example houses and farms can be burned (MB 1296). Enemy prisoners of war can be freed (BG 1107) or can be ransomed. Attempts must be made to get Muslim POWs released. Exchange of POWs is permitted (BG 1105). Stealing from booty, ghuluul (MB 1312 and MB 1313) is forbidden. Truces are permissible but not obligatory. They can be accepted only if they offer strategic benefits like the truce of Hudaybiyyat (BG 1128). Truces must follow the conditions stipulated by the Law, shuruut al musalahat (MB 1192). Peace treaties (MB 1340) can be concluded according to the provisions of the Law. Vigilance and caution against treachery are enjoined (MB 1345). Envoys are not imprisoned (BG 1121). Convenants must be respected (BG 1128).
CASUALTIES: Treatment of wounds, memory of the battle-fied, post war psychological trauma
DISCUSSIONS ON PHYSICAL ACTS OF IBADAT
TAHARAT
Saliva of domestic animals
Saliva of wild animals
Microbiological explanation of the pig as najasat
Microbiological explanation of the dog as najasat
Microbiological and toxicological definition of clean and cleansing water
Urethral massage to empty the urethra after urination
Explanation of the difference in the cleansing of urine of breast-feeding boys and girls
Microbiological and toxicological explanation of wudhu as cleaning the exposed parts of the body
Microbiological and toxicological explanation of tayammum as cleaning
Medical benefits of istinshaar, istinshaaq, madhmadhat, and mash al udhn
Does vene-puncture nullify wudhu?
Does an injection nullify wudhu?
Medical significance of the obligatory weekly bath
Medical significance of penile circumcision
Female circumcision: pros and cons
Medical benefits of cutting nails
Medical benefits of siwaak
Medical benefits of hand-washing
Explanation of exemption from salat in menstruation but not in dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Physiological explanation of the delay of salat in case of urinary or fecal urgency
SALAT
Cleanliness of mosques and prevention of infections
Bowing and prostration as physical exercises
Medical explanation of the need to delay salat on hot days
Medical and psychological explanation of the exemption of the traveler allowing him to join and abridge salat
Change of salat positions and postures for the sick
SAUM
Fasting for the elderly
Fasting of children
Fasting of the pregnant woman
Fasting of the nursing woman
Fasting of the woman in menstruation or post-natal bleeding
Fasting in case of a curable disease
Fasting in a chronic disease with no expected cure
Medical explanation of the recommendation of late suhuur and early breakfast
Medical determination of the maximum number of hours fasted in places where sunset is delayed
Medical recommendations on fasting in extreme heat
Medical recommendations on fasting in extreme cold
Type of food recommended for suhuur
Type of food recommended for breakfast
Measures to avoid dehydration in fasting
Fasting of a diabetic on oral hypoglycemics
Fasting for a diabetic on insulin
Medical procedures in fasting: vene-puncture, minor surgery, oral medication
Blood donation in fasting
ZAKAT
Zakat and social welfare
Zakat as national revenue/taxation
HAJJ
Assessing medical fitness of the pilgrim
Rejection of people with infectious disease from hajj
Rejection of people with known psychotic conditions from hajj
Prevention and control of epidemic diseases
Prevention and control of fire
Injury prevention
Sun exposure and sun stroke
Menstrual regulation in hajj
Hajj for the physically handicapped