080624P - A 10-YEAR EXPERIENCE OF INTEGRATING ISLAMIC VALUES IN THE MEDICAL PROGRAM TO TRAIN PHYSICIANS FOR THE FUTURE ISLAMIC HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY

Paper presented at the Noor Conference held in Madina Saudi Arabia 22-24 June 2008 by Professor Dr Omar Hasan Kasule MB ChB (MUK), MPH (Harvard), DrPH (Harvard) Professor of Epidemiology and Islamic Medicine, University of Brunei Darussalam and Visiting Professor of Epidemiology at University of Malaya. WEB: http://omarkasule.tripod.com

ABSTRACT

The Islamic Input in the Medical Curriculum (IIMC) has the objectives of training physicians who will be the pillars of Islamic hospitals and the Islamic Healthcare industry that is expected to outperform the Islamic banking industry in the next decade. IIMC integrates Islamic values and Law in the teaching and practice of Medicine. It was successfully implemented over a 10-year period (1997-2007) at the Kulliyah of Medicine of the International Islamic University Malaysia and for varying and shorter periods at other schools of medicine in Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Brunei, and others. IIMC achieved Islamization of the curriculum through integrating of the teacher (teacher of medicine also teaches Islamic values), the teaching materials (Islamic values and law related to medical knowledge), and assessments (questions on Islam included in the examinations).

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The paper traces the author’s journey in the development of the Islamic Input in the Medical Curriculum and its theory and practice over a period of 2 decades. It delineates distinct stages: definition of an Islamic epistemology, definition of Islamic and prophetic medicine, definition of the philosophy of Islamic medical education, preparation and implementation of IIMC at the Kulliyah of medicine UIA, training of IIMC teachers, dissemination of IIMC and its supporting materials (to other medical schools, medical practitioners, and ulama, using the internet and face-to-face workshops), and further theoretical developments on Islamic concepts (in basic medical sciences, ethics and law, social and preventive medicine, and personal development of the physician). The sequence above was correct in essence but there were overlaps between stages. The date of publication or presentation of concepts is also not a true indicator of their genesis. Many concepts were incubated in the author’s mind for a long time before public presentation. The future stages envisaged in the sequence are evaluation of the impact of IIMC and extending IIMC to postgraduate education. The paper is mainly a record of history and the same paper title has been quoted with dates reflecting changes in thoughts with passage of time as ideas fermented and matured. The paper is written in the first person and in the past tense for ease of historical narration.

2.0 START IN THE EARLY 1980s

My journey towards the Islamic Input in the Medical Curriculum started in 1981 when I presented a paper at the First International Conference of Islamic Medicine that was held in Kuwait. I made an argument in that paper that the practice of modern medicine must reflect Islamic values[1]. The paper was well received but it went against the general interest of the conference which was historical Muslim medicine. At the Second Conference of Islamic Medicine also held in Kuwait in 1982, I presented a paper arguing that Islamic medicine must be reflected in practical medical aid for the poor and the destitute and I used Africa as a case in point[2]. I revisited this issue in 1998[3] but it did not hold my attention for long. I was intellectually restless because I was not comfortable with the idea of Islamic medicine being seen in a historical perspective only. I was equally unhappy with Islamic medicine being seen only as delivering charity medical services. I sought a distinct Islamic conceptual perspective in medical sciences and medical practice. The need to reform medicine using Islamic principles was still an intellectual challenge 15 years later[4]. This continuing intellectual restlessness and curiosity led me to the field of Islamization of knowledge and the development of an Islamic epistemology.

3.0 ISLAMIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE: A PROJECT OF EPISTEMOLOGICAL REFORM

3.1 Crisis of knowledge: I spent the period 1982-1994 working on various projects of Islamization of Knowledge as a strategy to resolve the ummatic crisis of knowledge. I discussed the crisis in a series of papers even as recent as 2007[5, 6]. There was a dichotomy in the education system: traditional Islamic vs. imported European. There was a dichotomy in the sources of knowledge, ulum al diin vs ulum al dunia. Students could not deal with the contradictory world views presented to them and ended up confused. This resulted in the elite of the ummat having a split-mind neither traditional Muslim nor European. This confusion resulted in intellectual weakness with inability to analyze and solve the problems of the ummat. The crisis also explained why after many years of sending students overseas to acquire knowledge, the ummat was still dependent on others in the fields of science and technology. Motivation for innovation in science and technology cannot occur in the presence of intellectual confusion about basic issues like identity. After years of involvement with the issue of the crisis of knowledge, I reached a working definition of Islamization of knowledge as well as a practical strategy for achieving it. I believed then as I continue to believe today that the Islamization strategy could effectively resolve the crisis of knowledge both in medicine and other disciplines.

3.2 The concept of Islamization of knowledge: Islamization was a process of recasting the corpus of human knowledge to conform to the basic tenets of ‘aqidat al tauhid. The process of Islamization did not call for re-invention of the wheel of knowledge but called for reform, correction, and re-orientation. It was evolutionary and not revolutionary. It was corrective and reformative. It was the first step in the Islamization and reform of the education system[7] as a prelude to Islamization and reform of society[8]. Islamization had to start with reforming the epistemology and methodology of each discipline in a pro-active, academic, methodological, objective, and practical strategy. Its vision was objective, universal, and beneficial knowledge in the context of a harmonious interaction of humans with their physical, social, and spiritual environment.

3.3 Immediate goals of the Islamization strategy: The Islamization strategy had six goals. The first goal was purging from existing disciplines of paradigms and concepts that reflected parochial world views in order to achieve universal objectivity. The second goal was reconstruction of the paradigms using universal Islamic guidelines. The third goal was re-classifying disciplines to reflect universal tauhidi values. The fourth goal was reforming research methodology to become objective, purposeful, and comprehensive. The fifth goal was generation of new knowledge by research. The sixth step was inculcating morally correct application of knowledge.

3.4 Dissemination of the Islamization strategy: I presented papers clarifying basic epistemological issues from an Islamic perspective such as the nature of knowledge[9,10], the history of human knowledge[11], the philosophy of knowledge[12], the methodology of knowledge[13], the Islamic perspective of knowledge[14], and development of a scientific culture[15]. It was clear to me from the beginning that Islamization of medicine was not about content because content changed quickly with on-going research. Islamization had to address basic conceptual issues in the methodology of research. I therefore presented a paper in September 1996 in which I explained conceptual problems in contemporary research methodology and an Islamic approach to methodological reform[16]. In the same direction I presented papers critiquing the empirical methodology not in its practical essence but its underlying often unstated philosophical assumptions and biases in data interpretation[17-19].

3.5 Islamization of medicine: The decision to focus Islamization efforts on medicine was not easy because the conventional wisdom gave priority to the social and human sciences. I had never been comfortable with the notion that priority of Islamization was in the social sciences on the basis that had underlying paradigms that contradicted tauhid and that they had a bigger impact on society. I realized that the first assertion was not true since natural sciences including medicine were far from being value-neutral or culture-neutral. I also realized that the second assertion was untrue because all major social changes had medical or engineering innovations as catalysts. I wrote a paper on the impact of the oral contraceptive pill on society and family starting in 1960 to prove the point. I therefore started looking at the work of Islamization of medicine as a model for other disciplines of knowledge[20].

3.6 Towards an Islamic epistemology: I devoted attention to the concept of integration which was the essence of epistemological reform since it would marry Islamic values and science. The paradigm of tauhid underlay all integration efforts[21]. An integrated medical curriculum had to have Islamic values embedded[22] in it. Integrated medical practice required integrated medical education[23] because physicians trained in an integrated curriculum were likely to practice integrated medicine. As I progressed further in the evolving concept of integrating Islamic values in medicine, it became clear to me that we would not move forward unless we developed an Islamic epistemology[24] and that more theoretical work on Islamic epistemology needed to be carried out. I presented several papers on research priorities in epistemology and thought[25-28]. The interdisciplinary nature of medicine led me to present papers on epistemological issues in other disciplines[29-32] as well as reform those disciplines within the Islamization paradigm [33-36]. These ideas were disseminated at several seminars of non-medical nature out of the realization that Islamization of medicine could not be carried out in isolation[37-40].

4.0 DEFINITION OF ISLAMIC MEDICINE

4.1 Muslim vs Islamic medicine: After clarifying Islamization and related epistemological issues, I addressed the definition of Islamic medicine. This was needed to counter strong tendencies towards regarding the Islamization of medicine as a return to traditional Muslim medicine practiced centuries earlier. My conviction was that we were dealing with Islamizing scientific medicine and not doing away with it. In July 1995, I presented a paper at a conference in Kuala Lumpur on my concept of Islamic medicine[41]. The paper continued to generate interest even 10 years later and was represented at various forums after that, for example in Indonesia[42] and was published at least two times[43-44]. I started by clarifying the semantic confusion between the adjectives 'Islamic' and 'Muslim'. I explained that 'Islamic' refers to values, ideas, guiding principles, and application of the Qur'an and 'Muslim' refers to people who self-identify as Muslims as well as their activities and institutions. They may not follow all the teachings of Islam. Thus Islamic medicine, the ideal, is not the same as Medicine of Muslim societies, which is the actual historical or contemporary experience of Muslim societies.

4.2 Islamic medicine as concepts and paradigms: I then defined Islamic Medicine as Medicine whose basic paradigms, concepts, values, and procedures conform to or do not contradict the Qur'an and Sunnah. I emphasized that Islamic medicine was not related to specific medical procedures or therapeutic agents used at a particular place or a particular time. Islamic medicine was universal, all - embracing, flexible, and allowed for growth and development of various methods of investigating and treating diseases within the frame-work described above. I concluded that this definition called for basic transformation of medical systems. Islamic medicine thus would become the result of an Islamic critique and reformulation of the basic paradigms, research methodology, teaching, and practice of medicine. This process of conceptual transformation is also called Islamization of medicine. I revisited the issue of the role of Qur’an and sunnat in medicine in several presentations because of its importance[45-46].

5.0 DEFINITION OF PROPHETIC MEDICINE

The next task was to address the tendency towards confining Islamic medicine to Prophetic medicine and thus making it unnecessary to Islamize modern scientific medicine. I addressed the issue of Prophetic medicine in several papers in South Africa[47] Malaysia[48], and Indonesia[49]. The general grain of my arguments was that Prophetic medicine was valid and effective, since prophetic pronouncements and practices were revelation, but that new research was needed to characterize efficacy, dosage, indications, and contraindications of herbal remedies today because of changes in the people, the herbs used, and disease pathology. Language changes had also to be taken into account because a word used for a herb or a disease centuries ago may not have the same meaning today. I also argued that Prophetic medicine did not cover all medical conditions and diseases since it was limited by its spatio-temporal context. These efforts succeeded in diverting attention from Islamization of scientific medicine to confining understanding of Islamic medicine to the historical forms of prophetic medicine. The modern use of concepts from Prophetic medicine after new research was explored in several fields for example in primary health care[50]. After deliberating Prophetic medicine for over 10 years I realized that what is defined as prophetic medicine was only a small portion of hadiths relating to medicine. There were many hadiths of medical significance that were not recognized by our ancestors because the medical knowledge available at their time could not enable them identify the medical significance of all hadiths. I therefore started making a new collection of hadiths with view to expanding the definition of prophetic medicine[51-52].

6.0 PHILOSOPHY OF ISLAMIC MEDICAL EDUCATION

The philosophy of Islamic medical education was presented at a conference organized by the Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia at Khota Bharu in Kelantan in June 1996 in a paper titled ‘Concepts of Islamic medical education’[53]. The contents of the paper with improvements were presented subsequently at later forums[54-57]. I presented 6 problems or issues in contemporary medical education and explained how an Islamic Input curriculum would address them. The 6 conceptual issues were the purpose of medicine, integration of the curriculum, the service vocation in medicine, physician leadership role, medical research as ijtihad, and physician motivation. The purpose of medicine, which defines the system of medical education, was to maintain or improve the quality of life and not to prevent or postpone death. Integration of the curriculum, deriving from the tauhidi  paradigm, implied practice and teaching of medicine as a total holistic approach to the human in the social, psychological, material, & spiritual dimensions and not exclusively dealing with particular diseases or organs. The selection of medical students, their training, and evaluation should emphasize that medicine is a human service within the context of Islamic mutual social support, takaful ijtimae. The physician must provide leadership as a social activist who identifies and resolves underlying social causes of ill-health; as a respected opinion leader whose moral values & attitudes are a model for others; and as an advisor on medical, legal, and ethical issues associated with modern medical technology so that the patients and their families can reach an informed decision. The future physician must be prepared to undertake research, a type of ijtihad, to extend the frontiers of medical knowledge, applying available knowledge and improving the quality of life. Time allocated to basic research methodological tools should be increased at the expense of accumulating biomedical scientific information that is either forgotten or becomes obsolete by the time of graduation. The education and development of the physician before, during, and after medical school should inculcate the motivation to excel in commitment, ikhlas, and care delivery following the model of the early Muslim scientists and physicians.

7.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ISLAMIC INPUT IN THE MEDICAL CURRICULUM (IIMC)

7.1 Preparation of the curriculum: I realized that the process of Islamization of medicine could only be achieved by training future doctors. In October 2005, I joined the newly formed Kulliyah of Medicine in the International Islamic University Malaysia with the determination to put the views of medicine developed over the years in the medical curriculum. A draft curriculum was prepared and was approved by the University Senate. Some lecturers from the faculty of Islamic studies were not comfortable with physicians treading on their territory and teaching Islam. To overcome skepticism then prevailing, actual teaching material with Qur’anic and hadith sources was bound in a volume and was presented to the Senate.  The basic outline of the curriculum remained the same but changes were made whenever curriculum reviews were carried out. The newly founded Faculty of Medicine at the International Islamic University situated at Kuantan on the East Coast of Malaysia had the distinction to the best of my knowledge of being the first faculty in the Muslim world to formally teach IIMC.

7.2 Start of Implementation: Medicine with embedded Islamic values was taught at Kuantan from July 1997 to date. Credit for the success of the implementation belongs solely to Professor Tahir Azhar, the founding dean of the Kulliyah of Medicine, who wholly believed in a new and untried approach and gave consistent unwavering support over a whole decade. The implementation was made easier by the fact that we were dealing with a new medical school. We therefore could afford to focus on developing detailed teaching material for the first year only. We prepared more material as students moved on to the second, third, fourth, and fifth years.

7.3 Integration: The main motive of IIMC was integration to resolve the crisis of duality or dichotomy manifesting as teaching of Islamic sciences separate from that of medical disciplines with different teachers and from different institutions. IIMC resolved the crisis of duality by insisting that Islamic concepts should be taught by the same people who teach medical disciplines. This required specific training of those lecturers to be able to handle the Islamic Input. IIMC besides integrating the teacher and study material, also integrated the examinations. Questions on IIMC were embedded in all examinations of the Kulliyah. IIMC also achieved integration of theory with practice with students being taught in a practical way how a patient can perform acts of ‘ibadat. The Department of Orthopedics was the most successful in this endeavour.

7.4 Joint reading of 2 books: IIMC followed the Islamic paradigm of reading 2 books: the book of revelation, kitaab al wahy, and the book of empirical science, kitaab al kawn. Both books contain signs of Allah, ayaat al llaah, and must be read together. It is a mistake to read one of the books and neglect the other. The solution to the crisis of duality in the ummah starts from joint reading of the 2 books, al jam ‘u baina al qira atain. Thus medical scientists who are involved in IIMC read the signs in both books contemporaneously.

7.5 Two components of IIMC: IIMC had two separate but closely related components: Islamization and legal medicine. Islamization dealt with putting medicine in an Islamic context in terms of epistemology, values, and attitudes. Legal medicine deals with issues of application of the Law (fiqh) from a medical perspective.

7.6 Five objectives of IIMC: The 5 main objectives of IIMC were: (a) introduction of Islamic paradigms and concepts in general as they relate to medicine, mafahiim Islamiyat fi al Tibb. (b) Strengthening faith, iman, through study of Allah’s sign in the human body (c) appreciating and understanding the juridical, fiqh, aspects of health and disease, al fiqh al tibbi. (d) Understanding the social issues in medical practice and research and (e) Professional etiquette, adab al tabiib, from the Islamic perspective.

7.7 Teaching material of IIMC: All through the past 12 years I worked on the teaching materials for IIMC that would eventually be published as a textbook. I shared the materials with other medical educators either directly or through the internet. The reluctance to print the materials was due to the desire to get the full benefit of feedback from actual teaching of IIMC and this in hindsight proved a very prudent measure to take because many major revisions had to be made. IIMC being an innovative product that still needed to be accepted should be presented in a textbook that has been tried out and improved as much as possible. At the start the IIMC manual was titled ‘Muqaddimat al tibb: an Islamic introduction to the study of medicine’. In 2006 the title was changed to ‘Muqaddimat al ‘uluum: Islamic introduction to the study of sciences’ after realizing that the manual, like the study of medicine, was interdisciplinary covering basic biological and physical sciences, health sciences, and social sciences. A synopsis of the manual is available at http://omarkasule.tripod.com). A major revision is envisaged by the end of 2009. The manual is a series of 18 manuscripts arranged in 5 main themes: Theme One: Asaasiyyaat (Fundamentals) 1: ‘aqiidat (creed); 2: usuul al shari’at (foundations of the law); 3. ‘ilm & ma’arifat (epistemology);  4. khalq (creation / cosmogony);  5. taariikh al umam (world history); 6. taariikh al ummat (Muslim history); 7. al tajdid & al islah (renewal and reform); Theme 2: Fiqh Al Uluum Al Tibiyyat, (Basic Medical Sciences): 8. ‘ilm al hayaat (the science of life); 9. jism al insan (the organism: structure & function); 10. fiqh al ‘aadaat (activities of daily living); Theme Three: Fiqh Al Tibaabat (Clinical Sciences): 11. Akhlaaq Al Tibb (Ethics Of Medicine); 12. Fiqh Al Amraadh (Disease Conditions); 13: Fiqh Mustajiddaat Al Tibb (Modern Medicine); Theme Four: Fiqh Al Jama’at (The Community):  14. Arkaan Wa Humuum Al Jama’at (Institutions And Concerns Of The Community); 15. Fiqh Al Mu’amalaat (Transactions); Theme Five: Personal Skills: 16. Al Takwiin Al Asaasi (Basic Formation): 17.: Qiyadat (Leadership); 18. Idaarat (Management)

7.8 Evaluation of IIMC: After graduating 5 batches of students we wanted to make an evaluation of the products of the curriculum. A concept paper was prepared[58] but the actual data collection proved elusive until today.  A research project was carried out on ethico-legal knowledge by students at UIA[59] and the results will be published subsequently.

7.9 Implementation of IIMC at the postgraduate level: After 10 years of teaching undergraduates (1997-2007) a start was made in exploring Islamization at the postgraduate level in the field of epidemiology. A course was taught in 2007 successfully with an Islamic epistemological introduction[60].

7.10 Implementation of IIMC at other schools of medicine

The start was a year-long course on IIMC for lecturers at the University of Malaya in 2002. Then a modified form of IIMC was adopted by the newly founded medical school at the Islamic University of Science in Malaysia starting in 2004. They took the matter seriously by appointing the most experienced IIMC lecturer from Kuantan, Associate Professor Dr Ariff Othman, as their consultant on curriculum development. In late 2004 a lecturer, Dr Sagiran, from the faculty of medicine Muhammadiyah University in Jogjakarta visited Kuantan and spent 1-2 weeks studying the implementation of IIMC.  As a result of his visit, In August 2005 a week-long training workshop was held at the school of medicine of the Muhammadiyah University in Jogjakarta, Indonesia. I explained the concepts and methods of IIMC and provided teaching materials. Implementation of IIMC then started but there were difficulties that had to be ironed out subsequently. The curriculum has also had an impact on 16 faculties of medicine in Indonesia that integrated Islamic values in their medical curricula and are members of the FOKI network (Indonesian acronym for Islamic Medical Forum). I attended meetings of FOKI on a regular basis and also visited campuses of its member faculties. I have presented IIMC at medical faculties in Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Yaman with good response. Follow up will be needed before IIMC can also be adopted in actual teaching.

8.0 TRAINING LECTURERS OF THE CURRICULUM

8.1 Lecturer training at Kuantan

I realized quite early that the curriculum would not succeed unless there were medical lecturers trained and confident in its delivery. At the Kulliyah of Medicine the training process was very hands-on. In the first academic year 1997-1998 I gave all the lectures while other lecturers sat in the class. In subsequent years I started assigning specific lecturers to teach specific topics. I made sure that I gave the lecturers as much support as possible in providing teaching material or discussing the sessions before they appeared in front of the class. I also encouraged them to be innovative and not follow what I had provided. They did very well and in the period of 8 years I came to learn a lot from their efforts and I transferred the knowledge acquired to others. The process of empowering the lecturers was so successful that by the 2004-2005 academic years I was just a consultant with almost all lectures being taught by others. At the end of that year I made the decision to leave the Kulliyah of Medicine at Kuantan because my mission was complete and I needed to transfer my efforts elsewhere. I accepted the invitation to the chair of Islamic medicine at the University of Brunei Darussalam. I however returned from time to time to follow up the work at Kuantan and taught some classes to get a feel of how IIMC was performing[61-73].

8.2 Lecturer training at other schools of medicine

I also turned my attention to train lecturers at other universities. In the course of one academic year 2002-2003 I held workshops for lecturers at the Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya on various topics: the Islamic creed[74], the Islamic definition of life and health[75], fundamentals of the Islamic Law[76], medical jurisprudence[77-78], and jurisprudence relating to biotechnology[79-80]. A new series on bioethics training was planned for 2009[81]. Lecturers were also trained in Indonesia[82].

9.0 DISSEMINATION OF THE CURRICULUM

9.1 Dissemination of IIMC by internet: It was a strategy adopted at the beginning to make sure that all what I wrote on IIMC was available. I therefore at every opportunity available to me, wrote up my presentation as a full length paper with references from the Qur’an and sunnat. All lectures on IIMC delivered were also written up. A total of 1067 papers and lectures were published at the Islamic Medical Education Resources website (http://omarkasule.tripod.com) in the period 1995-2007. The papers have also been loaded at many websites many of which are unknown to me. In order to disseminate the knowledge on a wider scale I allowed republication of my papers in several media.

9.2 Book publication

Papers on IIMC have been published as books in Bangladesh[83] and Indonesia[84-85]. Other collections are in the process of being published.

9.3 Lectures, workshops, and conferences: The UIA experience was shared in papers at many conferences and seminars in Malaysia[86-88], Indonesia[89-90], and Bangladesh[91-92]. We shared our approach with other medical educators[93-94]. I presented the new curriculum to medical audiences but also to non-medical audiences[95] because Islamization was a theme for all disciplines of knowledge. I was also interested in values that also run throughout all the sciences[96]. By the summer of 2007 I had decided to embark on a new initiative in Yaman of working to help faculties of medicine improve their curricula[97], teaching[98], student assessment[99], management[100-101], and quality[102-103] in addition to adopting the Islamic Input curriculum[104]. Towards the end of 2007 my thoughts were turning to the idea of starting new medical schools that would use the IIMC de novo. I had discussions with people trying to set up such schools in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia[105].

It was also clear to me that change would have to involve all health professionals and not only physicians. I therefore presented papers on the nursing perspective: history of nursing in Islam[106], challenges to the nursing profession in the Muslim world[107], issues in nursing education[108], motivation in the nursing profession[109], and professional conduct of a nurse[110].  Towards the end of 2007 I started a series of workshops on medical ethics for nurses[111].

Traditional ulama were an authority in Muslim societies and any viable change must have their approval or at least neutrality. I started by studying patterns of medical fatwas issues in Brunei[112] and other countries to understand the mind set of the ulama. It was with that in mind that I embarked on an experiment of presenting ethico-legal concepts that I developed to the ulama starting with India. I held workshops in various Indian cities: Hyderabad[113-114], Azamghar[115-122], Lucknow[123-127], and Patna[128-133].

10.0 FURTHER THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE MAIN THEMES OF IIMC

10.1 Integrating Islamic values in the medical profession: I talked about the Islamic perspective of medicine[134]. I also talked about integrating Islamic values in the medical curriculum[135-138] and medical practice[139-140]. The paradigm of tauhid underlay all integration concepts.

10.2 Islamic concepts relating to basic sciences: The realization that atheistic values were disseminated in teaching basic medical sciences prompted me to address several issues relating to basic medical sciences from an Islamic perspective. Among the issues addressed were: creation of the earth[141], creation of the human[142], human creation vs human evolution[143-144], the biological miracle of human creation[145]. I also addressed issues of treatment modalities in Islam including prayer and spirituality and spiritual approaches to treatment[146].  Also addressed were psychological aspects such as treatment of anxiety from an Islamic perspective[147]. Basic sciences were also addressed such as teaching probability from an Islamic perspective[148]. In 2004 I presented a paper on the balance between originality and modernity in medical jurisprudence[149]. The paper provided a conceptual context for dealing with matters like understanding spiritual needs of patients[150] in relation to modern forms of medical therapy.

10.3 Islamic perspective of ethico-legal issues: The issue of ethics engaged my attention because it would show the immediate utility of the curriculum by teaching shariat-based methods of resolving practical problems in medical care. Using the tools of maqasid al shariat, qawaid al shariat and where available texts, from the Qur’an and sunnat. I addressed most of the contemporary ethico-legal issues and provided a conceptual basis for resolving ethical issues in medical decisions[151].  I addressed the issues of changes in medical jurisprudence that required use of maqasid al shariat in the modern era. I then worked on a major paper in which I formulated a derivation of medical ethics from maqasd al shariat and presented it in 2004 at a scientific meeting of the Federation of Islamic Medical Associations in Amman in July 2004[152]. The paper was subsequently published[153]. It was presented at various forums in Malaysia[154-155], Nigeria[156-157], Indonesia[158], Kuala Lumpur[159], and the UK[160]. A companion paper on research ethics based on maqasid al shari’at was presented at the same conference[161]. The paper was presented in a modified form in Indonesia[162]. A comparative study of Islamic and European ethical theories and principles reached the conclusion that the Islamic approach was more robust, more practical, and more consistent[163]. Several papers on ethics from maqasid al shari’at were presented in the UK[164], Indonesia[165], Bangladesh[166], India[167], Malaysia[168], Kuala Lumpur[169], Turkey[170], and Yaman[171]. I then addressed specific issues: Progeny [172-173], Assisted Reproduction [174], Euthanasia [175], Contraception [176-177], Human Research [178], Suicide [179-180],  Public Health Research [181], Embalming, Cryopreservation, Autopsy, and Research on Dead Corpses [182], Protection, Preservation, and Promotion of the Intellect [183], Sexual Crimes [184-185], Midwifery[186-187],  saum with Diabetes Mellitus [188], Health benefits of  saum [189-191].

10.4 The Islamic perspective of public health and health services delivery: The following concepts in public health and services delivery were discussed from an Islamic perspective: moderation, balance, and just equilibrium in preventive medicine based on the Qur’anic concepts of wasatiyyat, mizan, & iitidaal [192], medical quality improvement [193-194], medical service delivery [195-196], benchmarking in Islamic hospital practice [197], medical management [198], leadership and management [199], a critique of the biomedical model from an Islamic perspective [200], and contrasting holistic medicine against practice based only on biomedicine [201].

10.5 Islamic perspectives of physician etiquette: The following concepts were discussed from the Islamic perspective: physician human relations [202], concept of physician etiquette[201], physician etiquette with patients and families [203], physician etiquette with the dying [205], physician etiquette in the health care team [206], care for the terminally and the death process[207-208],

10.6 Professionalism: I presented the following papers on professionalism: motivated physician [209], professionalism [210-211], being a Muslim doctor [212-213], physician leadership [214], community involvement [215-216], commitment [217], spiritual development [218], training [219], definition of Muslim doctor [220], towards a motivated medical student [221], leadership attributes and skills [222-223], and character building [224].

REFERENCES

1. Omar Hasan Kasule. Some Reflections on Islam and Medicine. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Islamic Medicine, International Medicine organization, Safat, Kuwait 1981.
2. ---Islamic Medicine in Africa: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine, Safat, Kuwait 1982.
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4.       ---Reform Of Medicine, Islaah Al Tibb: Outline For Discussion At A Workshop On Epistemology Held At Dhakka On September 1, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

5. ---Crisis of Knowledge: Paper Presented At A Medical Education Workshop Held At The Faculty Of Medicine University Of Science And Technology Sanaa Yaman 14-27 June 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
6. ---Crisis Of Knowledge And Education: Presentation for postgraduate students at the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine Universiti Malaya on Friday 13^th July, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
7. ---Muslim Physician Education: Indonesian Experience And New Challenges: Paper presented at a 1-day workshop on the Muslim Physician Education held at the Yarsi University Faculty of Medicine on 5^th May 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
8. ---Tajdid & Islaah: Outline Of An Address To 3000 Students Of Dar Al Uluum Nadwat Al Ulama Lucknow India 0n 16^th May 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
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12. ---Some Philosophical Concepts Relevant To Knowledge And Its Sources: Presentation for postgraduate students at the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine Universiti Malaya on Friday 13^th July, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
13. ---Methodology Of Knowledge: Presentation for postgraduate students at the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine Universiti Malaya on Friday 13^th July, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
14. ---Islamic Perspective of Knowledge: Epistemology, Methodology, and Islamization. Paper at a workshop on ‘Methodology and Skills to Develop Islamic Input in the Medical Cuirriculum’ for deans and academic staff of Muhammadiyah University Jogjakarta 5^th and 7^th August 2005. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
15. ---Towards A Scientific Culture: Presentation for postgraduate students in the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya on 13^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
16. ---The Empirical Scientific Method: An Islamic Reformulation. Paper at the International Conference on Values And Attitudes In Science And Technology Kuala Lumpur September 1996. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
17. ---Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Epidemiological Methodology: Seminar presentation at the Kulliyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Kuantan Malaysia, June 19^th 1999. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
18. ---Epidemiologic Methodology In Public Health: New Frontiers And Challenges: Paper presented at the 6^th National Colloquium on Public Health under the theme ' Paving the Way for a Public Health Renaissance’ 5-6^th October 1999, Department of Community Health, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
19. ---Issues in Science and Technology: The Islamic Solution. Paper at the International Seminar on Islam and the Challenges of Science and Technology in the 21^st Century held at the University of Technology Malaysia in Johor Malaysia 7-9 September 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
20. ---Islamization of Knowledge: Medicine as a Model: Paper presented at a Seminar on The Methodology of Sciences from an Islamic Perspective held at the Faculty of Dar al Uloom and organized jointly by the Epistemology Institute, the Faculty of Science Cairo University, and the Department of Philosophy Cairo University 23-26 April 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
21. ---Tauhidic Paradigm in Medical Practice: Paper read at a dinner for chief executive officers of private hospitals, senior state health directors, and deans of medical schools held at the Quality Inn in Kuala Lumpur on Friday 14^th April 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

22.    ---Towards integrated medical and health education: An Islamic approach: Keynote paper at the Second Islamic Medical Science Week, held at Dewan Utama, Kampus Kesihatan, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia on 18th August 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

23. ---Integrated Medical Education: paper presented at a workshop on the Education of a Muslim Physician held at the Yarsi University Faculty of Medicine Jakarta May 5, 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

24.    ---Towards An Islamic Epistemology. Paper Presented At A Seminar On Epistemology Held In Dhakka On 1st September 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

25. ---Research Priorities on Epistemology and Thought: Paper presented at a workshop on epistemology held in Dhakka on 30-31^st March 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
26. ---Overview of the Epistemology and Thought Project: Paper Presented At A Workshop In Istanbul On 3^rd May 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
27. ---Research Priorities On Epistemology And Thought: Paper presented at a consultative meeting on epistemology and thought held in Jakarta on 4^th August 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
28. ---Research Priorities On Epistemology And Thought: Concept paper written for a series of intellectual seminars in South East Asia in the year 2008. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
29. ---Epistemology Of Classical Islamic Disciplines: Outline For Discussion At A Workshop On Epistemology Held At Dhakka On September 1, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
30. ---Epistemology Of Disciplines Related To Finance: Outline For Discussion At A Workshop On Epistemology Held At Dhakka On September 1, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
31. ---Epistemology Of Disciplines Related To Public Life: Outline For Discussion At A Workshop On Epistemology Held At Dhakka On September 1, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
32. ---Epistemology Of Social And Human Sciences: Outline For Discussion At A Workshop On Epistemology Held At Dhakka On September 1, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
33. ---Reform Of Education, Islah Al Tarbiyat: Outline For Discussion At A Workshop On Epistemology Held At Dhakka On September 1, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
34. ---Reform Of Life Sciences, Islaah Al ‘Uluum Al Hayaatiyyat: Outline For Discussion At A Workshop On Epistemology Held At Dhakka On September 1, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

35.    ---Reform Of Physical Sciences: Outline For Discussion At A Workshop On Epistemology Held At Dhakka On September 1, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

36.    ---Reform Of Social Sciences, Islaah Al ‘Uluum Al Ijtima’iyyat: Outline For Discussion At A Workshop On Epistemology Held At Dhakka On September 1, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

37. ---Islamization of the Curriculum: presentation at the Ta’aruf and Intellectual Discourse XX programme held at Guoman, Port Dickson , NS 26-31 December 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
38. ---Islamization of the Curriculum: Panel discussion at the 22^nd Ta’aruf and Discourse program held at Corus Paradise Resort, Port Dickson on 18^th October 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
39. ---Islamization of the Curriculum: a panel discussion at the 25^th Ta’arif and Intellectual Discourse on 8^th April 2005 held at the Century Mahkota Hotel Malaka. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
40. ---Islamization of Curricula: paper presented in Kuwait 19-24 December 2005. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
41. ---Islamic Medicine: Concept & Misunderstandings. Paper Presented at the International Islamic Medicine Conference in Kuala Lumpur July 09-14,1995. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
42. ---Islamic Medicine, mafhum al tibb al islami: Paper Presented at the Annual Health Islamic Conference held at Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia Jl Salemba Raya No 6 Jakarta Pusat held on 3-5 February 2006 and organized jointly by Forum Ukhuwah Lembaga Dakwah Facultas Kedoketran se-Indonesia and Forum Studi Islam Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
43. --- Concept Of Islamic Medicine Int. Med J Vol 4 No 1 June 2005. Source: www.e-imj.com.
44. --- Islamic Medicine: Concepts and Misunderstandings. Journal of the Federation of Islamic Medical Associations Vol. 1 No. 1 July 1996, page 33-56
45. ---The Approach of the Qur’an and Sunnah in Medicine: The Challenge and Practice in the Era of Globalization: Ibn Sina keynote address at the 4^th Universiti Malaya Medical Center Conference on Medicine from the Islamic Perspective held at the Saujana Subang Malaysia on 24^th March 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
46. ---The Approach of the Qur’an and Sunnah in Medicine: Challenges and Practice in the Era of Globalization: Paper at Dhakka on 30^th March 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
47. ----Prophetic Medicine: Between the nass (original sources of Islam) and empirical experience. In: Prophetic Medicine, Al Tibb Al-Nabawi. Islamic Medical Association of South Africa, Qualbert 2000

48.    ---Prophetic Medicine: Between The Nass And Empirical Experience: Paper presented in absentia at the 3^rd International Seminar on the 'Medical Curriculum: The Holistic Approach’ 19-21 February 1999, at Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan, Cheras, Malaysia  jointly sponsored by the Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (PPIM), Federation of Islamic Medical Associations (FIMA), and the International Islamic University, Malaysia. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

49. ---Prophetic Medicine, tibb nabawi. Paper written for the Scientific and Islamic Medicine Seminar at Diponegro University Semaran Java Tengah Indonesia 8^th October 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
50. ---Guidance On Prophetic Medicine, Tibb Nabawi, For A Primary Health Care Practitioner: Presentation to Master of Primary Health Care Class at the Institute of Medicine Universiti Brunei Darussalam on July 6, 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
51. ---Towards a Broader Definition of Prophetic Medicine Based on Contemporary Bio-Medical Research, Nahwa I’itibaar Awsa’u Li Mafhuum Al Tibb Al Nabawi I’itimaadan ‘Ala Al Iktishaafaat Al Tibiyyat Al Mu’aasirat: research paper. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

52.    ---Teaching An Expanded Definition Of Prophetic Medicine Based On Contemporary Medical Knowledge: Paper presented at Musolla Al Zahrawi Universiti Antarabangsa Kuantan Malaysia on 2^nd November 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

53. ---Concepts Of Islamic Medical Education. Paper at 4th Annual General Meeting Of The Islamic Medical Association Kuban Kerian, Kelantan 7th June 1996. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
54. ---Issues in Medical Education. Paper at Hospital Universiti Malaysia Cheras on 18^th July 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
55. ---Concepts of Medical Education and Practices: Islamic Perspective. Paper at the Mesra Ibadat program organized by Hospital Universiti Sians Malaysia Kubang Kerian on February 21, 2005 at Renaissance Hotel Kota Bharu Kelantan. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

56.    ---Islamic Medical Education: Purpose, Integration, And Balance: Paper presented at the Islamic Medical Education Workshop held in conjunction with the 3^rd Federation of Islamic Medical Associations (FIMA) Scientific Convention held in Jogjakarta Indonesia on 21^st July 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

57. ---Leading In Medical Education And Practice As Social Engineering: The Oral Contraceptive Pill And The Sexual Revolution: Paper presented at the 8^th Annual Conference of the Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia held at Kota Baru on July 1-3 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

58.    ---Methodology Of Evaluating The Islamic Input Curriculum: Paper presented at the Workshop on the Islamic Input Curriculum at the Kulliyah of Medicine International Islamic University Kuantan on 13^th June 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

59. ---Assessing Ethico-Legal Knowledge and Attitudes of Medical Students: Opinion written for a research project at UIA  February 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

60.    ---Teaching Postgraduate Epidemiology with an Islamic Epistemological Introduction: Presented at the Epidemiology Unit University of Malaya on 9^th March 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

61. ---Physician Etiquette: Presentation to 3^rd year medical students at the Kulliyah of Medicine International Islamic University, Kuantan, Malaysia on 13^th June 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

62.    ---Fiqh Tibbi: Ethico-Legal Guidelines For Students In Clinical Training: Presentation for students of the Health Sciences Campus UIA Kuantan on 14^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

63. ---Medical Ethics: Theory & Principles: Presentation at the Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan on Saturday 20^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
64. ---Medical Privacy and Confidentiality: Presentation to 3^rd year medical students at the Kulliyah of Medicine International Islamic University, Kuantan, Malaysia on 14^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
65. ---Principles Of The Law, qawaid al fiqh: Presentation for year 3 medical students at the Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan on Saturday 20^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

66.    ---Professional Misconduct: Presentation for year 3 medical students at the Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan on 20^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

67. ---Purposes Of The Law, maqasid al shari’at: Presentation for Year 3 medical students at the Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan on Saturday 20^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
68. ---Regulations Of Physician Conduct, dhawaabit al tabiib: Presentation for year 3 medical students at the Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan on Saturday 20^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
69. ---Regulations On Medical And Surgical Treatment: Presentation for Year 3 medical students at the Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan on Saturday 20^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
70. ---Research: Theory, Practice, And Policy: Presentationfor year 3 medical students at the Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan on Saturday 20^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
71. ---Sources Of The Law, masadir al shariat: Presentationfor Year 3 medical students at the Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan on Saturday 20^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

72.    ---The Law: An Over-View: Presentation for Year 3 students Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan on Saturday 20^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

73. ---Tauhidic Paradigm In Medical Practice: Presentation to medical students by Dr Omar Hasan Kasule Sr. at Surau al Zahrawi Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan on Friday 13^th July 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

74.    ---The creed. Paper presented at a seminar for academic staff of the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya on 29^th June 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

75.    ---Life and Health. Paper presented at a seminar for academic staff of the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya on 26^th January 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

76.    --- Fundamentals of the Law.  Paper presented at a seminar for academic staff of the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya on 23^rd March 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

77.    --- Medical jurisprudence I. Paper presented at a seminar for academic staff of the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya on 29^th June 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

78.    ---Medical jurisprudence II. Paper presented at a seminar for academic staff of the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya on 29^th June 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

79.    ---Biotech jurisprudence II: Paper presented at a seminar for academic staff of the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya on 27^th July 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

80.    ---Biotech jurisprudence I: Paper presented at seminar for academic staff of the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya on 24^th August 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

81. ---Outline of a Course on Bio-Ethics from an Islamic Perspective for Academic Staff at The Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya: Paper presented at the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine University Malaya on 09^th March 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
82. ---Training Lecturers Of The Islamic Input Into The Medical Curriculum: Presented at the Faculties of Medicine Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogjakarta and Indonesia Islamic University Yogjakarta on Friday 3^rd August 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
83. ---Ethics in Medical Education and Practices. August 2007. ISBN 9164-70103-DDDD-D. Published by BIIT No 50 Road No 16 Dhanmondi Dhaka-1209. Cover design by Nazrul Islam Badal. Printed by Chowkash Printers Ltd 131 DIT Extension Road Fakirapool Dhaka-1000 (196 pages).
84. --- Towards Islamic Medicine  (August 2007) lecture notes edited by Dr. H Sagiran and M Badul Ghoni Published by the Islamic Medicine Forum of Indonesia and Printed by Grafina Design and Printing Jl Sulawesi no 7c Ourwosari Ring Road Utara Yogyakarta 55284 Indonesia. (208 pages).
85. ---Chapter 2 in Evolution Toward better Ummah Through Islamic Integrated Medical Curriculum (IIMC) edited by Sagiran, Edwyn Saleh, Supriyatiningsih, Nurul Qomariyah, Dirwan Suryo Soularto. Published by the Center for Islamic Medicine Faculty of Medicine University Muhammadiyah Jalan Lingkar Barat Tamantirto Kasihan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia MUY August 2005. Printed by Percetakan CV AQSHA Jalan Bibis No 78 Kembaran Tamantirto kasihan bantul Yogyakarta 55183.
86. ---Islamization And Integration Of Knowledge In The Kulliyah Of Medicine, IIUM. Paper presented at TIDE program, IIUM Gombak Campus on 3^rd April 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
87. ---The Islamic Input Curriculum (IIC) At The Kulliyah Of Medicine. Presented at the 24^th Ta’aruf And Intellectual Discourse held at Admiral Marina & Leisure Club, Port Dickson, NS on 5^th June 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
88. --- Overview Of The Islamic Input In The Medical Curriculum (IIMC) At The Kulliyah Of Medicine In The 2004/2005 Academic Year: Paper presented at the Workshop on the Islamic Input Curriculum at the Kulliyah of Medicine, UIA Kuantan on 13^th June 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
89. --- Islamization Of The Curriculum: The Islamic Input In The Medical Curriculum (IIMC) At The Kulliyah Of Medicine: Paper Presented the Annual Health Islamic Conference held at Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia Jl Salemba Raya No 6 Jakarta Pusat held on 3-5 February 2006 and organized jointly by Forum Ukhuwah Lembaga Dakwah Facultas Kedoketran se-Indonesia and Forum Studi Islam Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
90. --- Medical Education: An Islamic Perspective: Paper Presented At  A Workshop On Islamic Medical Education Organized By The Indonesian Islamic Medical Education Convention At The Faculty Of Medicine Makassar Indonesia 25-27 May 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
91. --- Islamization of the Curriculum: The Islamic Input in the Medical Curriculum (IIMC) at the Kulliyah of Medicine: Paper presented at the Ibn Sina Medical College Dhakka Bangladesh on 31^st March 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
92. --- The Islamic Input In The Medical Curriculum (IIMC): Outline of a presentation at a Workshop on the Islamic Input in the Medical Curriculum held at the Bangladesh Institute of Advanced Managament Dhakka on 31^st August 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
93. --- The Teaching of Bio-ethics at UIA. Paper presented at a workshop on 'Teaching of Bio-ethics and Communication Skills in Medical Education- A Malaysian Model' organized by the School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kuban Kerian, Kelantan 26-27^th May 1999. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
94. ---The Teaching of Communication Skills at UIA. Paper presented at a workshop on 'Teaching of Bio-ethics and Communication Skills in Medical Education- A Malaysian Model' organized by the School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kuban Kerian, Kelantan 26-27^th May 1999. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
95. --- Islamization of Knowledge: Medicine as a Model.. Abstract in  Proceedings of the 12^th International Conference on Islamic Philosophy: Science Cirricula from the Islamic Perspective. Conference jointly organized on 7-9 Rabi Akhir  1428H and 24-26 April 2007 at Cairo University  by the Faculty of Science Cairo University, Faculty of Dar al Uluum Cairo University, and the Epistemology Studies Institute of Cairo. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
96. ---Values And Attitudes In Science And Technology. Paper presented at The Malaysian Institutions Program Seminar on Islamization of Knowledge Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru January 4-5, 1997. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
97. ---Check List for Reviewing an Undergraduate Medical Curriculum: Presented At A Medical Education Workshop Held At The Faculty Of Medicine University Of Science And Technology Sanaa Yaman 14-27 June 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
98. ---Teaching And Learning Methods In An Integrated Undergraduate Medical Curriculum: Paper Presented At A Medical Education Workshop Held At The Faculty Of Medicine University Of Science And Technology Sanaa, Yaman 14-27 June 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
99. ---Assessment Methods for Integrated Undergraduate Medical Education: Paper Presented At A Medical Education Workshop Held At The Faculty Of Medicine University Of Science And Technology Sanaa Yaman 14-27 June 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
100. ---Annual Report of Academic Staff Activities: Presented At A Medical Education Workshop Held At The Faculty Of Medicine University Of Science And Technology Sanaa Yaman 14-27 June 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
101. ---Contents of an Undergraduate Medicine Program Handbook: Paper Presented At A Medical Education Workshop Held At The Faculty Of Medicine University Of Science And Technology Sanaa, Yaman 14-27 June 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
102. ---Quality Assurance in Medical Education: Paper Presented At A Medical Education Workshop Held At The Faculty Of Medicine University Of Science And Technology Sanaa Yaman 14-27 June 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
103. ---Documentation Needed for an Accreditation/Evaluation Visit of an Undergraduate Medical Curriculum: Paper Presented At A Medical Education Workshop Held At The Faculty Of Medicine University Of Science And Technology Sanaa Yaman 14-27 June 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
104. ---Mapping an Integrated Undergraduate Medical Education Curriculum: Paper Presented At A Medical Education Workshop Held At The Faculty Of Medicine University Of Science And Technology Sanaa Yaman 14-27 June 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
105.  ---Some Preliminary Ideas ‘Thinking Aloud’ About The New Medical School As: concept paper submitted to the steering committee on 19^th December 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
106. ---Historical Roots Of The Nursing Profession In Islam: Paper Presented At The 3^rd International Nursing Conference "Empowerment And Health: An Agenda For Nurses In The 21^st Century" Held In Brunei Dar As Salam 1st-4^th November 1998. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
107. ---The Nursing Profession In The Muslim World: Prospects & Challenges In The 21st Century: Paper Presented At The 3^rd International Nursing Conference "Empowerment And Health: An Agenda For Nurses In The 21^st Century" Held In Brunei Dar As Salam 1-4 November 1998. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
108. --- Issues in Nursing and Medical Education. Abstract in Proceedings of the 6^th International Nursing Conference held in Brunei Darussalam 10-13^th October page 30 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
109. --- Motivation in The Nursing Profession: An Islamic Perspective: Paper presented at the 4^th International Nursing Conference held in Brunei 19-22 November 2000. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
110. --- The Nurse’s Professional Conduct From An Islamic Perspective: Paper presented at the 4^th International Nursing Conference held in Brunei 19-22 November 2000. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
111.  ---Medical Ethics: workshop for nurses at Kuala Belait General Hospital on 21 November 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
112.  ---Patterns and Trends of Religious Edicts (Fatwa Mufti Kerajaan & Irsyad Hukum) on Medical Matters in Brunei Darussalam 1962-2005: Paper presented at the 2^nd Academic Session Institute of Medicine University Brunei Darussalam 11-12 March 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
113. --- Jurisprudence Of Disease Conditions, fiqh al amraadh: Paper presented at a workshop on Ijtihad Maqasidi organized by the Fiqh Academy of India at Hyderabad 03-04 February 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
114. ---The Legal and Ethical Basis of Medical Practice: Paper presented at a Workshop on Use of Ijtihad Maqasidi for Contemporary Ethico-Legal Problems in Medicine organized by the Fiqh Academy of India at Hyderabad 03-04 February 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
115. ---Contemporary-Ethico-Legal Issues From an Islamic Legal Perspective: Expert opinion presented to the 16^th Session of the Fiqh Academy of India held at Jamia Islamia darul Uloom Muhazzabpur Azamghar near Varanasi India on April 01-02, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
116. ---Ethico-Legal Issues Relating To Artificial Life Support: Expert opinion presented to the 16^th Session of the Fiqh Academy of India held at Jamia Islamia darul Uloom Muhazzabpur Azamghar near Varanasi India on 01-02 April 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
117.  ---Ethico-Legal Aspects Of Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide: Expert opinion presented to the 16^th Session of the Fiqh Academy of India held at Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Muhazzabpur Azamghar near Varanasi India on 01-02 April 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
118.  ---Islamic Legal Guidelines on Polio Vaccination in India: Expert opinion presented to the 16^th Session of the Fiqh Academy of India held at Jamia Islamia darul Uloom Muhazzabpur Azamghar near Varanasi India on 01-02 April 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
119.  ---Response to Questions on Brain Death from the Fiqh Academy of India: Expert opinion presented to the 16^th Session of the Fiqh Academy of India held at Jamia Islamia darul Uloom Muhazzabpur Azamghar near Varanasi India on 01-02 April 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
120.  ---Response to Questions on Euthanasia from the Fiqh Academy of India: Expert opinion presented to the 16^th Session of the Fiqh Academy of India held at Jamia Islamia darul Uloom Muhazzabpur Azamghar near Varanasi India on 01-02 April 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
121. ---Towards a Legal Definition of Death: Expert opinion presented to the 16^th Session of the Fiqh Academy of India held at Jamia Islamia darul Uloom Muhazzabpur Azamghar near Varanasi India on 01-02 April 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
122.  ---Ethico-Legal Aspects Of Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide: Expert opinion presented to the 16^th Session of the Fiqh Academy of India held at Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Muhazzabpur Azamghar near Varanasi India on 01^st April 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
123.  ---Derivation Of Professional Medical Ethics From Maqasid Al Shari’at And Qawa’id Al Shari”At, Istinbaat Mabadi Akhlaaqiyyaat Al Mihnat Al Tibbiyyat Min Maqasid Al Shari’at Wa Qawa’id Al Fiqh: Paper Presented At A Conference Of Muslim Jurists Held At Lucknow 15-17 May 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
124.  ---Impact of Medical Technology on Public Morality: The Oral Contraceptive Pill as an Example, Athar Al Taqniyat Al Tibbiyyat ‘Ala Al Akhlaaq Al Mujtama’e 0705-Paper Presented At The Conference Of Muslim Jurists Held At Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 15-17 May 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
125.  ---Application of Maqasid al Shari’at and Qawa’id al Fiqh to Issues of Embalming, Cryoprservation, Autopsy, and Research on Dead Corpses, Maqasid Wa Qawa’id Al Shari’at Fi Qadhaayat Tata’akllaqu Bi Juthat Al Mayyit: Paper Presented At A Conference Of Muslim Jurists Held At Lucknow 15-17 May 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
126.  ---Derivation Of Legal Rulings On In Vitro Fertilization From The Purposes Of The Law (istinbaat ahkaam al talqiih al istina’e al khariji min maqasid al shari’at): Presented at the Training Workshop for Judges and Jurists held at Patna Bihar India on 7-8 July 2007 at the Higher Institute for Training Judges and Jurists a division of the Law Directorate for the States of Bihar, Orissa, and Jarkhand . Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
127.  ---Derivation Of Legal Rulings On In Vitro Fertilization From The Purposes Of The Law (istinbaat ahkaam al talqiih al istina’e al khariji min maqasid al shari’at): Presented at the Training Workshop for Judges and Jurists held at Patna Bihar India on 7-8 July 2007 at the Higher Institute for Training Judges and Jurists a division of the Law Directorate for the States of Bihar, Orissa, and Jarkhand. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
128.  ---Contemporary-Ethico-Legal Issues From An Islamic Legal Perspective: Presented at the Training Workshop for Judges and Jurists held at Patna Bihar India on 7-8 July 2007 at the Higher Institute for Training Judges and Jurists a division of the Law Directorate for the States of Bihar, Orissa, and Jarkhand. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
129.  ---Contraception: The Islamic Perspective: Presented at the Training Workshop for Judges and Jurists held at Patna Bihar India on 7-8 July 2007 at the Higher Institute for Training Judges and Jurists a division of the Law Directorate for the States of Bihar, Orissa, and Jarkhand. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com. 
130.  ---Ethico-Legal Issues Relating To Artificial Life Support: Presented at the Training Workshop for Judges and Jurists held at Patna Bihar India on 7-8 July 2007 at the Higher Institute for Training Judges and Jurists a division of the Law Directorate for the States of Bihar, Orissa, and Jarkhand. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com. 
131.  ---Preservation Of Progeny: A Medical Perspective (maqsad hifdh al nasl: al mandhuur al tibbi): Presented at the Training Workshop for Judges and Jurists held at Patna Bihar India on 7-8 July 2007 at the Higher Institute for Training Judges and Jurists a division of the Law Directorate for the States of Bihar, Orissa, and Jarkhand. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
132.  ---Social And Religious Dimensions Of ‘Unwanted Pregnancy’: An Islamic Perspective: Presented at the Training Workshop for Judges and Jurists held at Patna Bihar India on 7-8 July 2007 at the Higher Institute for Training Judges and Jurists a division of the Law Directorate for the States of Bihar, Orissa, and Jarkhand. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
133.  ---Towards A Legal Definition Of Death: Presented at the Training Workshop for Judges and Jurists held at Patna Bihar India on 7-8 July 2007 at the Higher Institute for Training Judges and Jurists a division of the Law Directorate for the States of Bihar, Orissa, and Jarkhand. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

134. --- Islamic Perspective in Medicine. Paper presented at an Ibadah camp held at Indera Mahkota on 4^th February 2001. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

135.  ---Integrating Islamic Values In The Medical Curriculum: Paper presented at the Regional Conference on Medical Management from an Islamic Perspective organized by the University of Malaya Medical Center 18^th-20^th September 2000 at the Summit Hotel, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

136. ---Integrating Islamic Values Into the Medical Curriculum – the UIA Experience: Presentation at a Retreat on Islamic Values in Medicine organized by the Medical Center of the University of Malaya on 30^th June 2001 at Awana Resort, Genting Highlands, Pahang. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

137.  ---Integration Of The Islamic Input In The Medical Curriculum: Paper presented at a Workshop on the Integration of Islamic Input in the Medical Curriculum held at the Faculty of Medicine Yarsi University Jakarta Indonesia on 2^nd June 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
138.  ---Integration of Islamic Values in the Medical Curriculum: Paper presented at Bayero University Faculty of Medicine Kano Nigeria on 17^th September 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
139.  ---Islamic Values: the Lost Jewel: Paper presented at a seminar on Islamic Practice in Hospital Administration organized by the Islamic Hospital Consortium Malaysia at Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia on 15^th April 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

140. --- Islamic Values: the Missing Jewel in the Medical Profession: Paper presented at workshops on medical ethics and Islamic medical education at campuses in England 06-31 December 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

141. --- Creation of the earth: Paper presented at a seminar organized by Saba Islamic Media at Kuala Lumpur on 8^th September 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

142. --- Creation of the human: Paper presented at a seminar organized by Saba Islamic Media at Shah Alam on 11^th October 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
143.  --- Human creation vs theory of evolution: Paper presented at a seminar organized by Saba Islamic Media at Kota Kinabalu on 20^th October 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

144. --- Human creation vs theory of evolution: Paper presented at a seminar organized by Saba Islamic Media at Kuching on 19^th October 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

145. --- The biological miracle of human creation: Paper presented at a seminar on the Signs of the Creator organized by Saba Islamic Media at Hyatt Regency in Kuantan on 21^st September 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

146.  ---Prayers And Spirituality In Health. Presentation at the Faculty of Pharmacy, IIUM on 26^th June 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
147. ---Cognitive And Spiritual Approches In Patient-Centered Counseling For Anxiety: Presentation For The Class Of Msc Primary Health Care On July 13^th, 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
148. --- Islamic Perspectives In The Teaching Of Probability To Medical Students: Paper Presented at the 5^th National Conference on Medical Sciences, 4-5 May 1999 organized by the School of Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
149.  --- Understanding Spiritual Needs Of Patients. Lecture For 1^st Year Nursing Students At Indera Mahkota Campus On 24^th June 2004`. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
150.  ---Medical Jurisprudence between Originality and Modernity. Paper prepared for the 6^th Scientific Meeting of the Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia held at Penang 28-29^th May 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
151.  --- The Conceptual Basis For Resolving Ethical Controversies In Medical Decisions. Paper presented at a seminar on medical ethics at the National Heart Institute, Kuala Lumpur on 30^th April 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
152. --- Derivation of Medical Ethics from Maqasid al Shari’at. Paper prepared for the International Scientific Convention jointly organized by the Jordan Society for Islamic Medical Studies, The Jordan Medical Association, and the Federation of Islamic Medical Associations at Amman, Jordan 15-17 July 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
153.  --- Medical Ethics From Maqasid Al Shari’at. Int. Med J. Vol. 3 No. 2 Dec 2004
154.  --- The Application of Maqasid al Shari’at in Medical Practice: Paper presented at a workshop for physicians held at Kampung Baru Medical Center in Kuala Lumpur on 2^nd September 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
155.  --- Islamic Medical Ethics with Special Reference to Maqasid Al Shari’at: Paper presented at Kampung Baru Medical Center Kuala Lumpur on Saturday 13^th January 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
156.  ---- Medical Ethics from Maqasid al Shari’at: Presented to a seminar held at Bayero University Faculty of Medicine Kano Nigeria on 17^th September 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
157. --- Medical Ethics from Maqasid al Shari’at: Presented to a seminar at Ahmadu Bello University Faculty of Medicine Zaria Nigeria on 17^th September 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
158. --- Ethico-Legal Aspects Of Clinical Practice According To Islamic Law [Kedokteran Klinik / Terapan Menurut Syari’at Islam]: Presented at a seminar on the implementation of Islamic values in medical faculty curricula held at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Syarif Hidayatullah Islamic University Jakarta 16-18 November 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

159. ---Theory and Practice of Medical Ethics:  Paper presented at Training Program for Physicians at Wisma Mawar Kampung Baru Medical Center on 28^th September 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

160. ---. Medical Ethics from Maqasid Al Shari’at: Paper presented at workshops on medical ethics at campuses in England 09-31 December 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
161.  ---The Ethics and Etiquette of Human Research. Paper prepared for the International Scientific Convention jointly organized by the Jordan Society for Islamic Medical Studies, The Jordan Medical Association, and the Federation of Islamic Medical Associations at Amman, Jordan 15-17 July 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
162. --- Biomedical Research Ethics According To Islamic Law [Etika Penelitian Biomedik Menurut Syari’at Islam]: Presented at a seminar on the implementation of Islamic values in medical faculty curricula held at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Syarif Hidayatullah Islamic University Jakarta 16-18 November 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
163.  ---Philosophy Of Medical Ethics: A Comparative Study Of Islamic And European Perspectives: Presented At A Workshop On The Implementation Of Islamic Values In Medical Education In Indonesia Held At The Faculty Of Medicine Islamic University Malang Indonesia On 8^th -9^th September 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
164.  ---Contemporary-Ethico-Legal Issues From An Islamic Legal Perspective: Paper presented at workshops on medical ethics at various campuses in England 09-31 December 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
165.  ---. Application Of Islamic Values In Clinical Teaching: Presented At  A Workshop On The Implementation Of Islamic Values In Medical Education In Indonesia Held At The Faculty Of Medicine Islamic University Malang Indonesia On 8^th -9^th September 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
166.  --- Contemporary-Ethico-Legal Issues From an Islamic Legal Perspective: Paper presented at a workshop on ethics for physicians held at the Bangladesh Institute of Advanced Management Dhaka Bangladesh on 30^st March 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
167. --- Contemporary-Ethico-Legal Issues From An Islamic Legal Perspective: Paper presented at a Workshop on Use of Ijtihad Maqasidi for Contemporary Ethico-Legal Problems in Medicine organized by the Fiqh Academy of India at Hyderabad 03-04 February 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
168. --- Response To Ethico-Legal Questions: Written for a student workshop on ethics held at the Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan on 6^th January 2008. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
169. ---. Jurisprudence of biotechnology (fiqh al taqniyat al hayawiyat): Paper presented at Kampung Baru Medical Center Wisma Mawar, Kuala Lumpur, on 26^th October 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
170.  ----Contemporary-Ethico-Legal Issues From An Islamic Legal Perspective. Paper presented at a seminar for Turkish Physicians at Topkapi Eresin Hotel Conference Room Istanbul on Friday 22nd December 2006 at 20.00hrs. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
171.  ---Contemporary-Ethico-Legal Issues from an Islamic Legal Perspective: Paper Presented At A Medical Education Workshop Held At The Faculty Of Medicine University Of Science And Technology Sanaa Yaman 14-27 June 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
172.  ---Preservation of Progeny: A Medical Perspective (maqsad hifdh al nasl: al mandhuur al tibbi). Paper presented at an International Seminar “Geneology and Preservation of the Progeny – Islamic Perspective” jointly organized by the Institute for Islamic Understanding Malaysia and the Universiti Institut Teknologi Malaysia at Shah Alam on 27-28^th April 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
173. --- A Medical Perspective on Preservation of the Progeny’ chapter 5 in: Shaikh Mohd Saifuddeen and Shaikh Mohd Salleh (eds.): Geneology and Preservation of the Progeny: an Islamic Perspective. MPH Group Publishing Sdn Bhd Kuala Lumpur 2006 ISBN983-42884-4-1.
174.  --- Assisted Reproduction: An Islamic Perspective. Paper presented at the 6^th International Nursing Conference held in Brunei Darussalam 10-13^th October 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
175. ---Rulings on Euthanasia from the Perspective of Purposes of the Law (Maqasid Al Shari’at) and Principles of The Law (Qawa’id Al Shari’at). Chapter in the 2005 Year Book of the Federation of Islamic Medical Associations.
176.  ---Contraception: an Islamic Perspective. Paper accepted for the 3^rd Safe Motherhood Congress organized at Crown Princess Hotel Kuala Lumpur 25^th-27^th February 2005 by the Malaysian Association for Maternal and Neonatal Health. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
177. ---. Contraception: the Islamic Perspective. Int. Med J Vol. 4 No. 1 June 2005. Source: www.e-imj.com.
178. --- Ethics and Etiquette Of Human Research. Int. Med J. Vol. 3 No. 2 Dec 2004. Source: www.e-imj.com.
179. --- Prevention Of Suicide: An Islamic Perspective. Paper Presented At The 4^th Kuala Lumpur Mental Health Conference 2004 Held Under The Theme ‘Mental Health Of The Nation – The Way Forward’ On 6-8^th September 2004 At Prince Hotel Kuala Lumpur. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
180. --- Prevention of Suicide: An Islamic Perspective. Int. Med J. Vol. 3 No. 2 Dec 2004
181.  ---Ethical Issues in Public Health Research. Paper presented at the 11^th National Public Health Colloqium held on 21-22 September 2004 at The Summit Hotel Subang and organized by the Department of Community Medicine National University of Malaysia, the Malaysian Public Health Specialist Association, and the College of Public Health Medicine of the National Academy of Medicine, Malaysia. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
182.  ---An Islamic Ethico-Legal Perspective on Embalming, Cryopreservation, Autopsy, and Research on Dead Corpses: Paper presented at the 8^th Annual Conference of the Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia held at Kota Baru on July 1-3, 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
183.  ---Protection, Preservation, and Promotion of the Intellect, Hifdh Al ‘Aql: Paper presented at a Symposium on Protection of the ‘Aql held at the Kulliyah of Medicine International Islamic University Kuantan. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com 
184.  ---Sexual Crimes: Islamic Perspective. Paper presented at the 8^th Family Medicine Scientific Meeting organized by the Malaysian Family Medicine Specialist Association at the Swiss Garden Hotel Kuantan 7^th – 10^th July 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
185. --- Sexual Crimes: Islamic Perspective. Int. Med J. Vol. 3 No. 2 Dec 2004. Source; www.e-imj.com
186. --- Ethical and Legal Issues in Midwifery: An Islamic Perspective’: Proceedings of the Fifth International Nursing Conference Brunei Darussalam 2002 pages 219-220.
187.  ---‘Ethical and Legal Issues in Midwifery: An Islamic Perspective’: Paper presented at the 5^th International Nursing Conference ‘Nursing and Midwifery-Making a Difference’ Brunei Darussalam 28^th-31^st October 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
188.  ---Puasa with Diabetes Mellitus: Paper presented at a Diabetes Care Group Meeting held at the Multi-purpose Hall Block B, Suri Seri Begawan Hospital Kuala Belait Brunei on Tuesday 12^th September 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com

189. ---Health benefits of  saum: Paper presented at the Second Universiti Malaya Medical Center Conference on Medicine from the Islamic Perspective held at Sheraton Subang on 11-13 October 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

190. --- Health benefits of saum: Tadhkirat at the Kulliyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Kuantan on 9^th November 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
191.  --- Saum: Benefits And Medical Aspects. Lecture Given At The University Of Brunei Darussalam On 14^th October 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
192.  ---Moderation, Balance, and Just Equilibrium in Preventive Medicine. In: Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed (ed.): Perubatan Pencegah Menurut Islam. IKIM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1999. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
193.  --- Medical Quality Improvement: Islamic Principles and Approaches. Presentation at a meeting of The Islamic Medical Association Of Malaysia October 1996 Kuala Lumpur Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com..
194.  ---Quality Assurance Practice In Health Care. Paper presented at a seminar on Quality Assurance held at the Ministry of Health Headquarters in Kuala Lumpur on 14^th June 1997. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com

195. --- Current Medical Service: an Islamic Perspective. In: Abu Bakar Yang and Abu Bakar Abd. Majeed (eds.): Konsep & Operasi Perubatan Islam.IKIM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1999.

196. ---Current Medical Services: Islamic Perspective. Paper presented at the Seminar on Islamic Medicine: Concept and Operation held at the Institute of Islamic Understanding (IKIM) Kuala Lumpur 17-18 June 1997. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
197. ---Benchmarking In Islamic Hospital Practice: Paper presented at the Islamic Hospital Management Workshop held in conjunction with the 3^rd Federation of Islamic Medical Associations (FIMA) Scientific Convention held in Jogjakarta Indonesia on 21^st July 2006. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
198. --- Medical management: Islamic perspectives: Paper presented at the Hospital Tengku Azfan,  Kuantan on 26^th September 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
199.  ---Leadership and Management by The Book. Paper written for the Workshop on ‘Is our Current Hospital Practice Islamic Enough: Ideals and Realities’ organized by the Islamic Hospital Consortium of Malaysia at El Azhar Camp, Morib, Selangor 2^nd - 4^th July 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
200.  --- A Critique of the Biomedical Model from an Islamic Perspective. Int. Med. J. Vol. 3 No. 2. December 2003. Republished in the Federation of Islamic Medical Associations Year Book 2003.
201.  --- Holistic vs Biomedicine: Paper presented at Training Program for Physicians at Kuala Lumpur International Hotel 24^th August 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
202.  --- Physician Ethics: Etiquette of Human Relations. Paper presented at UKM Faculty of Medicine on 3^rd July 1997. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
203.  --- Introduction to Physician Etiquette: Paper presented at Kampung Baru Medical Center Wisma Mawar 28^th December 2002. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
204. ---- Physician Etiquette with Patients and Families: Paper presented at the Pediatric Institute of Hospital Kuala Lumpur on 17^th January 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
205. ---- Physician Etiquette with the Dying: Paper presented at the Pediatric Institute, Hospital Kuala Lumpur 21^st February 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

206.---- Physician Etiquette in the Health Care Team: Paper presented at Kampung Baru Medical Center on 28^th March 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

207. ---- Care For The Terminally-Ill: The Islamic Perspective: Presented at the 2^nd National Palliative Care Conference 24-27 March 1999 Penang, Malaysia. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
208.  ---Islamic Perspective On The Death Process In Terminal Cancer Patients: Poster at the Palliative Care Session of the 4^th International Conference of the Asian Clinical Oncology Society held in Bali, Indonesia 4-7 August 1999. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

209. --- Motivation of Doctors. Paper at Kampung Baru Medical Center on 20^th June 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

210. ---Professionalism in Medical Practice: Paper Presented at the Annual Health Islamic Conference held at Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia Jl Salemba Raya No 6 Jakarta Pusat held on 3-5 February 2006 and organized jointly by Forum Ukhuwah Lembaga Dakwah Facultas Kedoketran se-Indonesia and Forum Studi Islam Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
211.  ---Medicine as a Profession: Presented at a MINI MEDICAL SCHOOL for High School students held on Sunday 25^th June 2006 at Dewan Cancelor Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
212.  ---Four Dimensions Of Being A Muslim Doctor. Written for the memorial journal of the 5^th year student graduating class of 2003. May 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

213.                        ---The Concept Of A Muslim Doctor: Outline of a presentation to medical students and academic staff at the Northern International College of Medicine and Hospital Dhakka on 31^st August 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.

214.                        --- Medical Practitioners as Leaders: Myth or Reality. Paper presented at the 5^th National Scientific Meeting of the Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia held on 29th June 2003 at Allson Klana, Seremban. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com

215. ---The Medical Profession Beyond Treatment. Paper presented to the freshman class Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia on 9^th June 2003.  Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.
216.  ---Medics And Paramedics As Da’ie: Paper presented at the Friendly Comparative Religion Program organized by the Nuqaba Management Secretariat and the Student Development and Co-Curricular Activity Center on 24^th-25^th April 2004 at the Kulliyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
217.  ---Ikhlaas & Niyyat In Work. Motivational Lecture to staff of Kampung Baru Medical Center Kuala Lumpur on 18^th July 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
218.  ---Spiritual Development. Paper at Kampung Baru Medical Center on 22^nd August 2003. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
219.  ---Training of Excellent Medical Professionals. Paper presented at a Symposium for Medical Students organized by the Medical Students Association at the Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia on 25^th July 2004. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
220.  ---Definition of A Muslim Doctor: Presented at a Workshop on Islamic Medical Education organized by the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Muhammadiyah Jogjakarta and the Forum of Islamic Medicine (FOKI – Forum ke dokteran Islam) at Jogjakarta on 24-25^th August 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
221.  ---Towards A Motivated Medical Student: Presented to freshmen students of the Faculty of Medicine Indonesia Islamic University Yogyakarta, Indonesia on Friday 7^th September 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com

222. ---Diseases Of Leaders And Followers: Lecture for 5^th year students by Professor Omar Hasan Kasule Sr. at the Kulliyah of Medicine UIA Kuantan Malaysia on November 3, 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com

223.  ---Leadership Skills Module: Background material at a postgraduate leadership workshop held at the Institute of Medicine Universiti Brunei Darussalam on 20^th November 2007. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com
224.  ---Character Building: Prepared presented in absentia at the 3^rd International Seminar on 'Medical Curriculum: The Holistic Approach' organized jointly by the Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia. The Federation of Islamic Medical Associations, and the International Islamic University, Malaysia at Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan, Cheras, Malaysia 19-21 February 1999. Source: http://omarkasule.tripod.com.