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Lecture to 1st year students, Kulliyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Kuantan on 29th January 2000 by Professor Omar Hasan Kasule Sr.
OUTLINE
1.0 QUR’ANIC DEFINITION OF KHILAFAT, mafhuum al khilafat
A. Two Meanings of Khilafat
B. Istikhlaf and Taskhiir
C. The Human as The Khalifah
D. Purpose of Khilafat
E. Responsibility and Accountability of Khilafat
2.0 ADAM AS THE FIRST KHALIFAT
A. Creation of Adam
B. Anointment of Adam as Khalifah
C. Adam in the Garden: Fall and Redemption
D. Adam on Earth
E. Children of Adam
3.0 PROPHETS AS KHULAFAH
A. Ibrahim and His Sons
B. Prophets Rejected By Their People
C. Prophets of Banu Israil
D. Isa
E. Muhammad
4.0 THE RIGHTEOUS, salihiin, AND THE REFORMERS, muslihiin
A. Prophets?
B. Ordinary Men
C. Ordinary Women
D. Khulafa Al Rashidiin
E. Scholar-Reformers
5.0 THE TRANSGRESSORS AS FAILURE OF KHILAFAT
A. Ibliis
B. Taghoot
C. The Rich and Powerful
D. Ordinary Men
E. Ordinary Women
1.0 QUR’ANIC DEFINITION OF KHILAFAT, mafhuum al khilafat
A. Two Meanings of Khilafat
The khilafat being discussed here is different from the political khilafat, an institution that arose after the passing away of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and was later corrupted from its true political purposes. The first 4 khulafah, then rightly-guided khulafah, al khulafah al rashidiin, gave the institution the characteristics of the khilfat being discussed in this section. Later it became a purely political office until it disappeared.
B. Istikhlaf and Taskhiir
The concept of istikhlaf is closely related to that of taskhiir. Allah made the universe and its contents subservient to the human. The human was given special intellect and free will. These qualities qualified him for leadership and responsibility in the universe.
C. The Human as the Khalifah
Allah made the human a vicegerent on earth (p. 161 2:30-34, 6:165, 7:69, 7:74, 10:14, 10:73, 27:62, 33:72, 35:39). The vicegerent could be looked at in a generic sense or in a particular sense. All humans have the duty of khilafat. If they fulfill it well they succeed. If they do not they fail. This is equally true of individuals as well as communities. There are periods in human history when the righteous are weak and do not exercise control. These are episodic and never last too long. The wicked fail sooner or later so that the righteous may inherit the earth. At no time in human history and existence has the duty of khilafat disappeared altogether. If it did, the whole world would automatically have come to an end.
D. Purpose of Khilafat
The purpose of khilafat is to prevent fasad and violence on earth. The scope of khilafat is wide and embraces all human endeavors. It includes relations of the human with the creator, with fellow humans, with other living things, and with the whole eco-system. Khilafat also has a time dimension. The predecessors must work hard to leave the earth a better place for those who will come after.
E. Responsibility and Accountability of Khilafat
RESPONSIBILITIES OF KHILAFAT:
The responsibility of khilafat is to fulfil the will of Allah on earth and to maintain the ecosystem, the moral order, and the social order in the optimal state.
Istikhlaf and accountability: khilafat is not only an honor for the human, tashrif, it is more of a responsibility, taklif, that is accompanied by accountability. The human will have to account for all actions while on earth and will have to pass a severe evaluation on whether the responsibilities of khilafat were fulfilled.
2.0 ADAM AS THE FIRST KHALIFAT
A. Creation of Adam
Allah created Adam in the best mould (p 38 15:28-29, 38:71-72). He was made from dust/clay (salsal) (p 39 15:28, 15:33) or dust (tiin) (p 39 7:12, 17:61, 38:71, 38:76). Allah inspired the spirit into Adam (p 40 15:28-29, 38:71-72) to become a full human.
B. Anointment of Adam as Khalifah
The Qur’an tells us a very educative story about how Allah anointed Adam as the first khalifat (p 38 2:30)... He was among the chosen (istifa) (p 38 3:33). Allah chose him to be khalifat (2:30). The angels objected to this saying that a human will create mischief on earth ( ). This action of the angels could not be disobedience because they can not disobey Allah. Allah taught Adam names of all things (p 38-39 2:31, 2:33) and challenged the angels to name the things which they failed to do. Allah therefore ordered the angels to prostrate for Adam (p 1141 7:11, 15:28-30, 17:61, 18:50, 20:116, 38:71-72). They all obeyed except Iblis who refused out of arrogance.
C. Adam in the Garden: Fall and Redemption
Adam was then told to stay in the garden and enjoy its bounties (p 39 2:35, 20:117-119). He stayed happily with his wife (p 40 2:35-36, 4:1, 7:19-23, 20:117, 20:121, 20:123). Iblis out of spite and jealousy misled Adam and his wife (p 80 2:34, 38:71-72). Adam was ordered not to eat from the tree (p 1266 2:35, 7:19-20, 7:22). He forgot (p 40 20:115) and committed the mistake (p 39 2:36, 7:22, 20:121) and as a result saw his nakedness (p 39 7:22, 7:27, 20:121). Adam was blamed by Allah (p 39 7:20). Adam sought forgiveness from Allah (p 39 2:37, 7:23, 20:122). He was forgiven but was ordered out of the garden to the earth (2:36).
D. Adam on Earth
Adam was a prophet. He and his wife started the first human family and the first human community
E. Children of Adam
The human race is descended from Adam. The Qur’an refers to humans as children of Adam (banu Adam) (p 38 7:26-27, 7:3, 7:35). The human species, homo sapiens, can inter-breed among its various races and is all descended from Adam. Apes and other hominids are not descendants of Adam and are not part of the human race.
3.0 PROPHETS AS KHULAFAH
A. Ibrahim and His Sons
IBRAHIM
The story of Ibrahim illustrates the long spiritual search for the truth. He realized that the sun and the moon and the stars could not be worshipped because they change (p 59 6:75-79). He wanted to understand how Allah brings back the dead (p 64 2:260). Allah showed him resurrection using an empirical experiment involving birds. This gave him spiritual calmness. He rejected shirk (p 61 2:127-129, 14:35-41, 19:48, 26:83-89). He chose Islam as his religion (p 10 2:130-133, 22:78); Islam being the pure religion, din hanif (p 347 2:135, 3:67, 3:95, 4:125, 6:79, 6:161, 16:120, 16:123). Ibrahim encountered opposition when he tried calling his people to his religion (p 62-63 6:75-83, 21:51-70, 26:69-82, 29:16-25, 37:83-99, 43:26-28). He challenged the oppressive king Nimrod (p 63 2:258) who threw him into the fire ( p 60 21:68-70, 37:97-98). Ibrahim called his father politely to the truth but failed to convince him ( p 62 6:74, 9:114, 19:41-48, 26:69-70, 37:83-85,43:26). He asked Allah to forgive his father (p 59 9:114, 19:47, 60:4). Ibrahim was not a polytheist, mushrik (p 63 16:120-123) and he rejected shirk (p 60 6:79, 9:114, 14:35-36, 26:75-77, 43:26, 60:4). He was neither a Jew nor a Christian (p 63 2:140, 3:65-67). His offspring became abundant (p 61 6:84, 11:69-73, 14:39-40, 15:51-55, 19:49, 21:72, 29:27, 29:31, 37:100-101, 37:112-113, 51:24-28, 57:26). Allah tested him when he ordered him to slaughter his son, and he past the test well (p 60 36:100-111). He later built the kaaba (p 60 2:125, 2:127, 14:35-37, 22:26). Ibrahim prayed constantly to Allah (p 61 2:127-129, 14:35-41, 19:48, 26:83-89). He worshipped Allah ( ) and had qunuut (p 62 16:120). He was grateful to Allah for all His bounties (p 62 14:39). Because of his many good acts Allah made Ibrahim a close friend, khalil (p 59 4:125).
ISMAIL
(p 126 2:125-129, 2:133, 2:136, 2:140, 3:84, 4:163, 6:86, 14:39-40, 19:54-55, 21:85-86, 37:101-111, 38:48)
ISHAQ
p 103 2:133, 2:136, 2:140, 3:84, 4:163, 6:84, 11:71, 12:6, 14:39, 21:72-73, 29:27, 37:112-13, 38:45-47
B. Prophets Rejected By Their People
NUH
The Qur’an described the story of Nuh in detail ( p 1268-9 7:59-64, 11:25-41, 17:12, 19:58, 21:76-77, 26:105-122, 37:75-82, 54:9-17, 57:26, 71:1-28, p 1271 9:70, 10:71-73, 14:9). He was among the chosen of Allah (p 1270 3:33), a prophet (p 1271 8:84) who was rightly guided (p 1271 8:84). He called his people to Allah for 950 years with little success (p 1271 29:14-15). They called him a liar (p 1227 22:42, 25:37, 26:105, 38:12, 40:5, 40:31, 50;12, 54:9). He prayed against them when he lost hope (p 1270 11:48, 37:79, p 1270 71:21, 71:26). His people were mischievous (p 1271 51:46), they committed transgressions (p 1270 53:52), and disobeyed (p 1270 22:42, 25:37, 26:105, 38;12, 40:5, 40:31, 50:12, 54:9). His wife and son were among the disbelievers (p 1271 66:10, 11:42-43). He was chastised by Allah (p 1270 11:46) for trying to intercede for his family members who had disbelieved (p 1270 11:45). Allah ordered him to construct an ark and to take all the believers with him ( ). The disbelievers perished in the flood ( ). Nuh was saved (p 1271 11:48) and was given peace (p1270 11:48, 37:79,). He was indeed grateful to his Lord (p 1270 17:3).
SALIH
The Prophet Salih was given rahmat (p 658 11:63) and many bounties (p 658 7:73, 11:61). He was sent to the people of Thamud (p 657 7:73, 7:75, 7:77, 11:61-62, 11:66, 11:89, 26:142, 27:45, p 660 7:73…91:11) who were his brothers (p 658 7:73). The people of Thamud had built a mighty civilization (p 659 7:74, 11:6, p 660 7:74, 11:61, 15:82, 26:146-149) but were unbelievers. Salih showed the Thamud the signs of his truthfulness (p 657-8 7:73, 7:75, 7:77, 11:61-62, 11:66, 11:89, 26:142, 24:45 p 158 7:73, 11:64, 26:154-155) but they did not believe and were arrogant (p 659 7:75-76). He told them not to waste (p 661 26:151-152). He fought corruption (p 661 7:74, 26:151). They accused him of sorcery (26:153), greed (54:25), and lying (54:25). They made fun of him and asked for their punishment to be sent sooner (p 659 27:46). He called upon them to seek forgiveness (p 658 11:61, 27:46) but they refused. He warned them of the consequences of disbelief (p 658 7:73, 11:64-65, 26:156, 51:43). He called them to the worship of Allah (p 659 7:73, 11:61, 26:144, 26:150, 27:45). The weak among them believed (p 658 7:75) the rich refused (p 659 41:17). They gave Salih the lie (p 660 15:80, 26:141, 54:23, 69:4, 91:11, 91:14). They turned away (p 659 15:81) and committed sins (p 659 7:73, 11:61, 26:144, 26:150, 27:48). They followed their ancestors (p 659-66- 11:62). They molested the camel that they were told to leave alone (p 601 7:73, 54:27, 11:65…91:14, p 659 11:65±…91:14). They plotted to kill Salih (p 659 27:49). They committed transgression, dhulm (p 660 11:67, 27:25). They did not accept sincere advice, nasiha (p 660 7:79). They were kuffar (p 660 11:62, 11:68). As a consequence of their acts, the unbelievers were destroyed by Allah (p 660-661 26:157-158, 27:51-52, 53:50-51, 91:14, 7:78, 41:17, 51:43-45, 11:67, 15:83, 54:31, 69:5). The believers were saved (p 661 11:66, 27:53, 41:18).
SHU'AIB
Shuaib was sent to the people of Madian (p 633 7:85, 7:88, 7:90, 7:92, 11:84, 11:87, 11:91, 11:94, 26:177, 29:36, 7:85, … 11:95) who were his brothers in humanity (p 634 7:85, 11:84, 29:36). He was committed to dawa (p 634 26:180) and was kind and gentle in his approach (p 634 11:84). He called by example (p 635 11:88). He came with clear signs (p 636 7:85, 11:88). He turned to Allah, inabat (p 634 11:88) and relied on Him (p 634 11:88). He conveyed Allah’s message (p 634 7:93). He wanted to reform his people (p 634 11:88) and was worried about them (p 632 11:84). He reminded them of Allah’s bounties (p 634 7:80). He called them to repentance, taubat (p 634 11:90), taqwa (p 634 26:177-179). He told them to be honest in trade (p 634 7:85, 11:84-85, 26:181-182). He called upon them to learn from the fate of previous civilizations that were destroyed (p 635 7:86, 11:88). He warned them about Allah’s punishment (p 634 11:84, 11:89, 11:93). He forbade them from violating people’s rights (p 636 7:85, 11:85, 26:181-183) and robbery (p 636 7:86). He forbade them from hunkering after haram (p 636 11:86), and fasad (p 636 7:85). The followers of Shuaib were not the strong in the society (p 673 11:91-92). They were however firm in their faith (p 633 7:88-89). The arrogant turned away (p 635 111:91-92). They were cruel to Shuaib (p 636 11:89) and threatened to stone Shuaib (p 635 11:91) or expel him (p 635 7:88). They were wasteful (p 635 11:87) and followed their ancestors (p 635 11:87). They called the believers losers (p 633 7:90) and tried to force them to renegade their faith (p 633 7:88). They accused Shuaib of sorcery (p 634 26:185), lying (p 634 26:186, p 635 7:92, 26:176, 26:189, 29:37). Shuaib was called weak (p 635 11:91). They mocked him (p 635 11:87). They challenged him to bring the punishment quickly (p 635 7:88). When they disbelieved, Allah destroyed them (p 636 26:189, 7:91-92, 29:37) and saved Shuaib (p 633 11:94).
YUNUS
Yunus p 1360 4:163, 6:86, 12:15, 12:24, 4:163, 6:86, 10:98, 21:87-88, 37:139-148, 68:48-50).
LUT
Lut (p 1047 97:80-83 …66:10)
HUD
Hud (p 1294-5 7:65-72 …89:6-8)
IDRIS
The story of the prophet Idris (p 85 19:56-57, 21:85) in the Qur'an.
C. Prophets of Banu Israil
MUSA
Musa was born in the oppressive pharaonic society of Egypt in which all male offspring of banu Israel were killed. He was put in a box by his mother and thrown into the river on the commands of Allah (p 1170 20:38-92, 28:7). He was picked up and grew up in the household of his enemy Pharaon ( p 1170 20:39, 26:18, 28:8-9). He was breast-fed by his mother who was employed as a nurse by Pharaon without knowing that she was the real mother (p 1160 20:40, 28:7, 28:11-13). He killed an Egyptian in a scuffle (p 1164 20:40, 26:14, 28:15, 28:19, 28:33). He fled from Egypt to Madian (p 1163 20:40, 28:20-23, 28:45) where he married Shuaib’s daughter (p 1163 28:27-29, p 1164 28:23-35). He was a good family man (p 1164 20:10, 27:7, 28:29). While in the Sinai desert Allah talked to him and gave him the message (p 1161 4:164, 7:143-144, 19:52, 20:9-24, 20:83, 20:85, 26:10-15, 27:7-10, 28:29-35, 28:44-46, 79:16). He was afraid at the beginning (p 1162 20:67-68, 26:12, 26:21, 27:10, 28:18, 28:21, 28:31, 28:34) and asked Allah for help (p 1162 7:151, 7:155-156, 20:25-35, 20:45, 28:16-17, 28:24). He stammered and was not confident of his ability to talk (p 1164 20:27-28, 26:13, 28:34). His brother Harun was great help for him in his mission (p 1170-1 6:84, 7:111, 7:142, 7:150-157, 10:75, 10:87, 10:89, 19:53, 20:28-35, 20:42-49, 20:70, 20:90-94, 23:45-48, 25:35-36, 26:13-17, 28:34-35, 37:114-122). Musa was a prophet (p 1159 2:87, 2:136, 2:246, 2:248, 3:84, 6:81, 6:154, 11:17, 11:110, 17:2, 21:48, 22:44, 28:43, 29:39, 32:23, 40:53, 41:45, 42:30, 46:12, 46:30, 53:36, 87:19), committed (p 1163 19:51), trustworthy (p 1163 28:26), strong (p 1163 28:26), and could get angry for the sake of Allah (p 1164 7:150). He traveled to look for knowledge (p 1163 18:60-69, p 1165-6 18:65-82, 18:60-65). He started his mission by challenging Pharaoh (p 1169-70 2:49-50, 7:136-137, 7:141, 10:90, 14:6, 20:77, 26:61-65, 37:115, p 1166 7:103, 7:104, 7:127, 10:75, 10:83, 10:88, 14:6, 17:101, 28:3, 29:39, 40:26, 43:46, 51:38, 73:15-16, 79:15-26). Allah gave him many miracles (p 1168 7:133, 7:160,, p 1169 2:60, 7:107, 7:117, 20:18-21, 20:69, 20:77, 26:32, 26:45, 26:63, 27:10, 28:31, p 1169 2:50, …20:63, p 1169 7:108, 20:22, 26:33, 27:12, 28:32). He successfully challenged the sorcerers (p 1165 7:112-122, 7:112-122, 10:79-83, 20:58-70, 26:37-48, p 1160-61 7:120-121, 20:70-76, 26:46-51). He was accused of madness ( p1159 26:27), sorcery (p 1159 7:109, 7:131-132, 10:70-77, 17:101, 20:57-58, 20:63, 26:34-35, 27:13, 28:36, 28:48, 40:23-24, 43:49), and lying (p 1160 28:38, 40:23-24, 40:36-37). He was able to get converts from his people and converts from the people of Pharaoh who even defended him (p 1162-3 40:28-35, 40:38-46). He bravely and with resolution faced many trials from his rebellious people (p 1166-68 2:53-61, 2:92, 2:108, 4:153-154, 5:20-26, 7:128-129, 7:138-140, 7:148-156, 7:159, 10:84-87, 14:5-8, 20:86-98, 28:76) for example when he was away for 40 days they worshipped a golden calf instead of Allah (p 1164 2:51-52, 7:142, 20:83-85).
HARUN
Harun had clear speech (p 1275 28:34). He was the brother and assistant of Musa. He represented Musa (p 1275 7:142) and was his minister (p 1275 25:35). He warned people of Musa (p 1274-5 20:90) but they did not listen. Musa blamed him for the disobedience that occurred in Musa’s absence (p 1275 28:6 …40:36).
SULAIMAN
Sulaiman (PBUH) was a prophet and a great king (p 586 2:102, 38:35). He was given wisdom (p 584 21:78-79), good (p 585 27:15-16, 27:40, 38:39), and knowledge (p 583-4 21:79, 27:15-16, 27:19, 38:39). He had control over the jinn (p 584 21:82, 27:18, 34:12-13, 38:37-38), and the wind (p 584 21:81, 34:12, 38:36). He could talk with animals (p 585 27:16, p 584 27:16, p 584 27:17-18, 27:40. P 584-5 27:20-28). He made dua to Allah (p 585 27:19, 38:35) and thanked Him for all those bounties (p 585 27:15, 27:19, 27:40, 34:13). The Queen of Sheba visited him and submitted to Islam (p 586 27:41-42, 27:44, 27:41, 27:44, 27:28-31, 27:36, 27:38).
ISHAQ
Ishaq’s story was mentioned by the Qur’an (p 103 2:123, 2:133, 2:136, 2:140, 3:84, 4:163, 6:84, 11:71, 12:6, 14:39, 12:72-73, 29:27, 23:112-113, 38:45-47).
YUSUF
Yusuf (PBUH) was given a lot of bounties by Allah (p 1360 12:6, 12:90). He had knowledge and wisdom while still young (p 1355 12:22). His brothers were jealous (p 1357 12:7-10, 12:11-14, p 1358 12:10, 12:15, 12:8-10, 12:5, 12:8, 12:58-62, 12:70-78, 12:89-92, 12:60-63, 12:16-18). They sold him into slavery (p 1355 12:19-21). Women in Egypt were infatuated with his beauty (p 1356-7 12:23, 12:31-32, 12:32-36, 12:42, p 1359 12:23-33, 12:25, 12:51, 12:30, 12:25). He was saved by Allah from their bad tricks (p 1356 12:24, 12:33-34). He refused to succumb to their temptations and was therefore imprisoned (p 1357 12:36-40) although he was innocent of their accusations (p 1355 12:51, 12:51-53, 12:26-29, 12:35, 12:51). He was released from prison because of his ability to interpret dreams (p 1355-56 12:6, 12:21, 12:36, 12:40?, 12:46-49, 12:100-101). Allah gave him political power (p 1356 12:56, 12:54-56); he became a senior minister in the Egyptian government (p 1359 12:41-49, 12:50). He was successful in agricultural management (p 1356 12:47) and saved Egypt from famine. He was eventually reunited with his father and his family (p 1357 12:4-6, 12:100, 12:84-86).
DAUD
Daud (PBUH) was given a lot of bounties (p 418 27:15, 34:10). He had an elevated position in front of Allah (p 418 38:24-25). He was made a khalifat (p 417 38:26). He was given a lot of knowledge and wisdom (p 417 2:251, 21:78-80, 38:20). The zabuur was revealed to him ( p 417 4:163, 17:55). Metal was softened for him (p 417 34:10) and he made military equipment (p 418 21:80, 27:15, 34:13). He had a lot of progeny (p 417 38:30). Allah put at his disposal birds (p 418 21:79, 34:10, 38:19) and mountains (p 417 21:79, 34:10, 38:18). He killed Jalut (p 418 2:251). He became a judge (p 418 25:78-79, …38:26) and a king (p 418 2:251, 38:20). He was tested by Allah (p 418 38:24) and was forgiven (p 418 38:24-25).
D. Isa
Isa (PBUH) had a special conception with only a mother and no father (p 857 3:33-37…66:12). He was a human (p 857 5:75) and was born like other children (p 858 3:45-47 ….19:16-33). He worshipped Allah (p 857 5:72…61:14). He performed many miracles (p 858 3:49…19:29-33). He foretold the coming of Muhammad (PBUH) (p 857 61:6). He was not crucified (p 858 4:157) but was raised alive to the heavens (p 857 3:55 …4:157-159). A lot of lies and fabrications were told about him after (p 856 3:59-61 …43:57-59).
E. Muhammad
Muhammad (PBUH), a prophet (p 1083-4 3:68 ...66:8-9) and a messenger (p 1079 33:40) bearing the last revelation. He was a human (p 1073 13:38...60:1) and was the best models for other humans (p 1073 33:21). He received the revelation (p 1087 3:44 …72:1), did not know the unseen except what Allah revealed to him (p 1086 6:50 …10:20). He undertook many functions (p 1088 2:129…98:2) and provided a model of multi-dimensional leadership. Allah gave him a lot of good (p 1086 4:113 ….108:1). He was endowed with special characteristics (p 1075 33:50…73:1-4) and attributes (p 1078 5:157…33:40). He was given wisdom (p 1078 3:81 …63:1). He had the best of character (p 1071-2 3:159…6:2-4). He was illiterate (p 1072 7:157-158….62:2). He was humble (p 1075-6 15:88), kind (p 1076 9:128…21:109), empathic (p 1083 9:128), patient (p 1078 11:12…52:48), and muzammil (p 1083 73:1). He cared for the believers (p 1078-9 9:128). He was a messenger (p 1079-83 2:108…98:2) who called to Allah (p 1079 33:45-46), a servant of Allah (p 1083 17:1..72:19), a light siraaj ((p1083 33:45-46) that was shining, muniir (p 1083 33:45-46), a warner mundhir (p1083 38:65) & nadhiir (p 1084-5 5:19 ..67:26), bearer of glad tidings, bashiir (p 1078 5:19 …35:24)., mubasshir (p 1083 17:105…48:8), a witness (p 1083 33:45…48:8) who will witness against his community that he delivered the message (p 1078 2:143…73:15), honoured aziiz (p 1083 9:128), mubiin (p 1083 1:89…67:26), muddathir (p 1083 74:1). He converted the message (p 1073 45:67 … 88:21-22). The unbelievers plotted against him (p 1073 8:30…52:30-33). Allah encouraged and supported him (p 1074-5 3:176… 73:10-11). His message was established (p 1076 2:119…73:15). It is the last message (p 1076-7 33:40), universal (p 1077 4:79…34:28), and is clear (p 1077 12:108….4:18). The ummat of Muhammad is the best ummat (p 1076 2:143 …3:110).
4.0 THE RIGHTEOUS, salihiin, AND THE REFORMERS, muslihiin
A. Prophets?
Luqman
Dhi al Kifli
Al Samiriyyi
Dhul al qarnain travelled east and west reforming people who were lost (p 458-9 18:83-98)
Khidhr (p 1177 18:60-65, p1076-7 18:65-82)
B. Ordinary Men
People of the cave (18:11-25)
Believing man from the village (surat yasin)
Believing man among the people of Pharaoh
C. Ordinary Women
Maryam was a righteous person (p 1107 2:87…81:14). She was chaste (p 1107 21:9…66:12), truthful (p1109 5:75), clean (p 1109 3:42), among the chosen by Allah (p 1107 3:42), innocent (p 1107 19:32), human (p 1107 5:17…5:75) and not divine (p 1107-8 4:171…5:116). She worshipped Allah (p 1109 3:43). Allah gave her a lot of bounties (p 1109 5:110, 23:50). Her birth was a blessing (p 1109 3:33-36). She was given sustenance rizq from Allah (p 1109 3:37). She bore Isa (PBUH) (p 1108 19:16-34). She talked with angels (p 1108-9 3:42-43, 3:45-48, 19:17-25)
Wife of Pharaoh (p 890 28:9, 66:11
D. Khulafa Al Rashidiin
ABUBAKR (d. 13H)
OMAR (d. 254H)
OTHMAN (d. 35H)
ALI (d. 40H)
OMAR IBN ABD AL AZIZ
E. Scholar-Reformers
WEST ASIA
Abu Hanifah (b. 80H; d. 150H)
Malik bin Anas (b.95H; d.179H)
Shafie (b. 150H; d. 204H)
Ibn Hanbal (b. 164H; d.241H)
Al Ghazzali (b. 450H; d. 505H)
Ibn Taymiyah (b. 661H; d. 728H)
Al Nawawi (631-676H)
Abdulqadir al Jiilaani (b. 471H; d. 561H/1166CE)
Muhammad Ibn Abd al Wahhaab (b. 1703CE; d. 1787CE)
Jamal al ddiin al Afghani (b. 1838/9CE; d. 1897CE)
Abd al Rahman al Kawakibi (b. 1854CE)
Muhammad Rashid Ridha (b. 1865CE; d. 1935CE)
King Faisal (1906-1975CE)
SOUTH ASIA
Sheikh Ahmad Sirhind (b. 975H; d.1034H)
Shah Waliu al llaah al Dahlawi (b. 1114H/1703CE; d. 1176H/1762CE)
Syed Ahmad Berelvi (b. 1201H/1786CE; d. 1831CE)
Mualana Muhammad Ali (b. 1878CE; d. 1931CE)
Muhammad Iqbal Lahori (b. 1849CE; d. 1905CE)
Abu A'ala al Maududi (b. 1903CE; d. 1978)
Shibli Nu'umaan (1857-1914): started nadwatu al ulama
Muhammad Qasim Nanutawi (1832-1880): started deoband school
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (1828-1905CE)
Mujaddid al Alf al Thaani (1564-1624CE)
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Shehu Uthman dan Fodio (b. 1754CE d. 1807CE)
Muhammad Bello (b. 1781CE)
Abdullah (b. 1766CE)
Al Haaj Omar Tall (b. 1794CE; d. 1864CE)
Syed Muhammad Abd al llaah Hasan (b. 1864CE; d. 1920CE)
Swaib Semakula
Ahmad Muhammad al Mahdi
NORTH AFRICA
Amir Abdul Qadir (b. 1222H/1807CE
Muhammad Ali al Sanussi (1787-1859CE)
Ma'a al 'aynayn al Qalqani (b. 1831CE)
5.0 THE TRANSGRESSORS AS FAILURE OF KHILAFAT
A. Ibliis
B. Taghoot
NIMRODH
p 63 2:258
PHARAON
The name Pharaon is a generic name for several kings of Egypt. In Qur'anic usage it is used to describe the behavior of despots as the prophet said that in every society there is a pharaon, li kulli ummat fir'aun. Pharon claimed he was god (p 889 28:38, 79:24-25). He enslaved people (p 889 23:46-47, 26:22). He had arrogance, istikbar (p 889 10:75, 10:83, 23:46, 28:39, 43:51). He spread corruption on earth, ifsad (p 889 10:91, 28:4, 44:17-22). He suppressed, batshat, (p 890 26:49-55, 40:26, 40:28-29). He denied Allah’s signs (p 890 3:11, 8:54, 17:101-102, 38:12, 40:24, 40:36-37, 43:46-47, 50:12-14, 51:38-39, 54:41-42, 73:15-16, 85:18-19). He was in loss, tughyan (p 890-1 10:83, 10:88, 20:24, 20:43, 20:45, 28:3-6, 89:10-12). He was also a transgressor, dhulm (p 891 2:49, 7:103, 7:127, 8:54, 14:6, 20:78-79, 26:10-11). He was eventually punished by Allah (p 891-2 3:11, 7:103, 7:130, 7:137, 8:52, 8:54, 11:97-99, 28:40-42, 38:12-14, 40:44-46, 54:41-42, 69:9-10, 73:16) and was destroyed (p 893 2:50, 16:19, 28:39, 43:55, 44:24, 51:40).
DHU NUWAAS
He was a jewish King in Yemen who burned believers
C. The Rich and Powerful
QARUN
p 910-11 28:76-83, 39:34-40, 40:23-24
HAMAN
p 1275 28:6, 28:8, 28:38, 29:39, 40:23-24, 40:36
JALUT:
ABU LAHB:
ABU JAHAL
The Prophet called him fir'aun hadhihi al ummat. He was strong but in the wrong way. The prophet always prayed to Allah to strengthen Islam by his conversion or that of Omar Ibn al Khattab. It seems that he realized the truth of the prophet's message but arrogance and envy prevented him from conversion.
D. Ordinary Men
E. Ordinary Women
Wife of Nuh: p 1271 66:10
Wife of Lut
DISCUSSION
1. What do you understand by the term khilafat?
2. How well have humans discharged the duty of khilafat?
3. What were the distinguishing characteristics of the khilafat al rashidat?
4. Describe how the institution of political khilafat was corrupted in the past 14 centuries.
5. What do you understand by the term ‘scholars are inheritors of prophets?
6. Adam was sent to the earth as a khalifat; was this individual responsibility or was it a collective responsibility for all children of Adam?
7. How do you reconcile the fact that humans have innate weaknesses yet they were given the responsibility of khilafat?
8. Explain in your words the khilafat roles of prophets and messengers.
9. What were the khilafat roles of the righteous?
10. What were the khilafat roles of the reformers?