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Presented at the IIUM course on Quran and Sunnat held on 22nd July 2023 by Professor Omar Hasan Kasule MB ChB (MUK), MPH (Harvard), DrPH (Harvard)
PATHOLOGY: Introduction
- 1
- Pathology is the study of disease processes, etiology, pathogenesis, morphological changes, and clinical significance. Etiology can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Usually, more than one cause is involved.
- The final path of etiological mechanisms is some form of injury to the cells of the body. Among the causes of cell injury are: hypoxia, physical agents (heat, pressure, radiation, electricity), chemical agents, drugs, infections, immunological reactions, genetic disorders, and nutritional imbalances.
- The concept of the common pathway in cell injury relates well to the concept of sunan. Different injuries to the cell cause the same or similar cell injuries, the common final path.
- Some cell injury is due to cell death by apoptosis. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because it is under genetic control.
- Examples of apoptosis include the programmed destruction of embryonic cells, hormone-dependent organ or tissue involution in adults, and cell death in tumors.
PATHOLOGY: Introduction
- 2
- Some diseases are due to intracellular accumulation of metabolic products for example steatosis or fatty change, atherosclerosis, xanthoma, immunoglobulin accumulation, glycogen accumulation in diabetes mellitus, and accumulation of pigments like lipofuscin, melanin, hemosiderin, and bilirubin.
- Injured tissues may either be regenerated or may be replaced by fibroplasia (connective tissue).
- Molecular or structural alterations in cells underly all forms of organ or tissue injury.
- Pathologic stimuli disturb normal homeostasis. Injured cells adapt by atrophy or hypertrophy. Injury results when adaptation fails.
- Injury may be reversible or irreversible. Irreversible injury leads to cell death.
PATHOLOGICAL
PROCESSES
- Inflammation
- Healing and repair
- Suppuration
- Chronic inflammation
- Genetic disorders
- Mendelian disorders are due to mutations in single genes.
- Infection
- Immunity
- Neoplasia:
PATHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- Wound healing
- Thrombosis
- Embolism
- Edema
- Cardiovascular
- Genetics of human blood
MICROBIOLOGY
- Microbiology is the study of micro-organisms that include bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Microorganisms are found in the human body and the environment. They play various roles some beneficial and some harmful.
- Microbiology developed in several stages. The discovery of the microscope enabled the visualization of microorganisms.
- The rejection of the concept of spontaneous generation (living things arising out of non-living things or abiogenesis) gave further impetus to microbiology when it was realized that these organisms arose from pre-existing living microorganisms (biogenesis).
- Microorganisms can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
- The study of microorganisms has enabled a better understanding of the human organism. Microorganisms are simple and structured and are thus easy to study. Inferences can be made about humans because of similarities in cell structure and function.