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Presentation at the 2nd Week: Clinical Coding Program held at King Fahad Medical City (Via Online), Riyadh on 24th March 2020. By: Professor Omar Hasan Kasule Sr. MB ChB (MUK). MPH (Harvard), DrPH (Harvard) Chairman of the Ethics Committee King Fahad Medical City.
EUROPEAN ETHICAL
THEORIES:
} Utilitarian
consequence-based theory (balance of good and bad, relative, no absolute right
and wrong).
} Obligation-based
theory (moral obligations, an absolute right, and wrong).
} Rights-based
theory based on respect for human rights (individual rights).
} Community-based
theory (community decides).
} Relation-based
theory (family and physician-patient relations).
} Case-based
theory (practical case-by-case decision).
EUROPEAN
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES (BEAUCHAMP AND CHILDRESS 1994):
} Autonomy (patient
decides).
} Beneficence (bring
benefit).
} Non-maleficence (do no harm).
} Justice (equity vs
equality).
ALTERNATIVE
ETHICAL THEORY (PURPOSES OF MEDICINE):
} Protection of
Morality, hifdh al ddiin.
} Protection of
Life, hifdh al nafs.
} Protection of
Progeny, hifdh al nasl.
} Protection of the
Mind, hifdh al ‘aql.
} Protection of
Wealth / resources, hifdh al maal.
ALTERNATIVE
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES (PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE):
} The Principle of
Intention (actions are judged by the intentions behind them), qasd.
} The Principle of
Certainty (no action is taken in extreme uncertainty), yaqiin.
} The Principle of
Injury (medical intervention should cause no injury), dharar.
} Principle of
Hardship (in case of difficulty the usual legal restrictions are relaxed), mashaqqat.
} The Principle of
Custom or Precedent (follow usual procedures unless there is evidence to the
contrary), urf.
DISCLOSURE
AND TRUTHFULNESS:
} Obligation to Tell
the Truth (doctors should not lie to patients).
} What is Disclosed
(full disclosure unless there is a valid reason).
} Partial Disclosure
and White or Technical Lies.
} Disclosures to
Others about the Patient (not generally allowed without patient consent).
} Giving Bad News.
PRIVACY
AND CONFIDENTIALITY:
} Privacy
} Confidentiality
} Medical Records
} Release of
Confidential Information
FIDELITY:
} Definition of
Fidelity
} Conflicts
Regarding Fidelity