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Lecture to Diploma of Cardio by Professor Omar Hasan Kasule Sr. MB ChB (MUK), MPH (Harvard), DrPH (Harvard) Chairman of IRB, King Fahad Medical City
ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES
• The three commonest causes of outdoor air pollution are automobile emissions, fossil fuel energy plants, and industrial plants.
• Water pollution is due to municipal sewage or industrial pollutants.
• Water pollutants have been associated with cancer, adverse pregnancy outcome and infectious disease.
• Soil pollution is by solid waste, hazardous waste (industrial and medical), or sewage.
OCCUPATIONAl CAUSES
• Occupational hazards can be psychological stress, physical hazards (electrical, noise, radiological, temperature, vibration), chemical hazards, biological hazards, and ergonomical hazards.
• The major types of occupational diseases are: lung diseases, cancer, skin diseases, infectious diseases reproductive disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, trauma, neurological, psychiatric disorders and noise injury, eye disorders
NUTRITIONAL CAUSES
• Hypertension (high sodium intake),
• Coronary artery disease (high dietary unsaturated fats, low dietary fiber),
• Esophageal cancer (preservatives),
• Stomach cancer (nitrosamines and fat),
• Colon cancer (high protein, high fat, low fiber),
RADIATIONAL CAUSES OF DISEASE
• Radiation is used medically in diagnostic procedures (x-rays, radioisotopes) and treatment of malignancies.
• UV is associated with skin cancers
• Electromagnetic fields are suspected to cause cancer, adverse reproductive outcomes, and behavioral or neural effects.
• Residential exposure (from TV, video, and appliances) may lead to childhood and adult malignancy (leukemia and brain cancer).
• Occupational exposure may also lead to leukemia and brain cancer.
GENETIC CAUSES
• Genetic epidemiology investigates the role of genetic factors and their interaction with environmental factors in disease etiology.
• Chronic diseases with a genetic component occur in 5-10% of adults.
• Chromosomal disorders
• Genetic DNA disorders
PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS
• Adverse drug effects:.
• Drug interactions:
• Drug poisoning: