240726P - HUNGER AND FOOD INSECURITY FROM THE SCIENCE AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Presented at a panel of the Food Security Forum organized by the Department of Community Medicine, IIUM Malaysia by Professor Omar Hasan Kasule MB ChB (MUK), MPH (Harvard), DrPH (Harvard).

 

1.0 RIZQ IS WIDE AND EXPANSIVE

  • Surat Talaq:2-3

وَمَنْ يَتَّقِ اللَّهَ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ مَخْرَجًا. الطلاق ٢-٣ وَيَرْزُقْهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ لَا يَحْتَسِبُ 

  • Surat Araf: 96

وَلَوْ أَنَّ أَهْلَ الْقُرَى آمَنُوا وَاتَّقَوْا لَفَتَحْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ بَرَكَاتٍ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَلَكِنْ كَذَّبُوا فَأَخَذْنَاهُمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَكْسِبون. الأعراف ٩٦

  • Surat Saba:39

قُلْ إِنَّ رَبِّي يَبْسُطُ الرِّزْقَ لِمَنْ يَشَاءُ مِنْ عِبَادِهِ وَيَقْدِرُ لَهُ وَمَا أَنْفَقْتُمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَهُوَ يُخْلِفُهُ وَهُوَ خَيْرُ الرَّازِقِينَ. سبا ٣٩ .

  • Surat Nuh:10-12

فَقُلْتُ اسْتَغْفِرُوا رَبَّكُمْ إِنَّهُ كَانَ غَفَّارًا * يُرْسِلِ السَّمَاء عَلَيْكُم مِّدْرَارًا * وَيُمْدِدْكُمْ بِأَمْوَالٍ وَبَنِينَ وَيَجْعَل لَّكُمْ جَنَّاتٍ وَيَجْعَل لَّكُمْ أَنْهَارًا. نوح ١٠-١٢ 

 

2.0 FOOD IS THE MOST IMPORTANT EXISTENTIAL REQUIREMENT FOR HUMANS

  • There are two major necessities for the physical survival of individual humans: food and physical security.
  • لِإِيلَٰفِ قُرَيۡشٍ  إِۦلَٰفِهِمۡ رِحۡلَةَ ٱلشِّتَآءِ وَٱلصَّيۡفِ  فَلۡيَعۡبُدُواْ رَبَّ هَٰذَا ٱلۡبَيۡتِ  ٱلَّذِيٓ أَطۡعَمَهُم مِّن جُوعٖ وَءَامَنَهُم مِّنۡ خَوۡفِۭ

  • The third existential requirement, reproduction, is secondary to food and physical security but it relates to the survival of the community and not the individual.
  • Zakariyah prayed for offspring to continue the community of believers. Mariam 1-11

  • كهيعص (1ذِكْرُ رَحْمَتِ رَبِّكَ عَبْدَهُ زَكَرِيَّا (2إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّهُ نِدَاءً خَفِيًّا (3قَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّي وَهَنَ الْعَظْمُ مِنِّي وَاشْتَعَلَ الرَّأْسُ شَيْبًا وَلَمْ أَكُن بِدُعَائِكَ رَبِّ شَقِيًّا (4وَإِنِّي خِفْتُ الْمَوَالِيَ مِن وَرَائِي وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَتِي عَاقِرًا فَهَبْ لِي مِن لَّدُنكَ وَلِيًّا (5) يَرِثُنِي وَيَرِثُ مِنْ آلِ يَعْقُوبَ ۖ وَاجْعَلْهُ رَبِّ رَضِيًّا (6) يَا زَكَرِيَّا إِنَّا نُبَشِّرُكَ بِغُلَامٍ اسْمُهُ يَحْيَىٰ لَمْ نَجْعَل لَّهُ مِن قَبْلُ سَمِيًّا (7قَالَ رَبِّ أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِي غُلَامٌ وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَتِي عَاقِرًا وَقَدْ بَلَغْتُ مِنَ الْكِبَرِ عِتِيًّا (8قَالَ كَذَٰلِكَ قَالَ رَبُّكَ هُوَ عَلَيَّ هَيِّنٌ وَقَدْ خَلَقْتُكَ مِن قَبْلُ وَلَمْ تَكُ شَيْئًا (9قَالَ رَبِّ اجْعَل لِّي آيَةً ۚ قَالَ آيَتُكَ أَلَّا تُكَلِّمَ النَّاسَ ثَلَاثَ لَيَالٍ سَوِيًّا (10فَخَرَجَ عَلَىٰ قَوْمِهِ مِنَ الْمِحْرَابِ فَأَوْحَىٰ إِلَيْهِمْ أَن سَبِّحُوا بُكْرَةً وَعَشِيًّا (11)

 

3.0 CONCEPT OF RIZQ AND ITS RELATION TO FOOD.

  • Food is part of Allah’s rizq albeit the most important because it is existential.
  • Other components of rizq necessary for the utilization of food by the body: oxygen, water, heat.
  • Not all food is sustenance. A lot of what we eat is wasted only part of it is absorbed and used by the body.
  • Excessive eating is wastage (tabdhiir, israaf) because the undigested unabsorbed food is voided in stool.

 

4.0 GRADES OF NUTRITION

  • Three grades of nutrition according to Ibn Alqayyim:

 وقد بين ابن القيم أن مراتب الغذاء ثلاثة

  • Haajat (necessity)

 فالأولى أن يأخذ بقدر حاجته وهو المشار إليه بقوله: بحسب ابن آدم لقيمات يقمن صلبه

  • Kifaayat (sufficiency)

والثانية بقدر الكفاية وهي ما زاد على ذلك، ولم يصل إلى حد الشبع المضر،

  • Fadhl (excess)

 والثالثة هي الفضلة: وهي ما زاد علي هذا المقدار.

 

5.0 RIZQ IS ALLOCATED BY ALLAH

  • Rizq is sustenance from Allah each is allocated given his/her due in advance. Ibn Masud

إنَّ أحَدَكُمْ يُجْمَعُ خَلْقُهُ في بَطْنِ أُمِّهِ أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمَاً نُطْفَةً، ثُمَّ يَكُونُ عَلَقَةً مِثْلَ ذلكَ، ثُمَّ يَكُونُ مُضْغَةً مِثْلَ ذلكَ، ثُمَّ يُرْسَلُ المَلَكُ فَيَنْفُخُ فِيهِ الرُّوحَ، وَيُؤْمَرُ بأرْبَعِ كَلِماتٍ: بِكَتْب رِزْقِهِ وَأجَلِهِ وَعَمَلِهِ وَشَقِيٍّ أَوْ سَعِيدٍ

  • The rizq of our children is from Allah. We cannot refuse to reproduce because of a perceived lack of rizq.
  • We should not kill children (feticide or abortion) because of a perceived shortage of rizq

وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ مِنْ إِمْلَاقٍ نَحْنُ نَرْزُقُكُمْ وَإِيَّاهُمْ. الاانعام ١٥ 

  • Rizq varies according to Allah’s qadar but each has enough. Isra:30

إِنَّ رَبَّكَ يَبْسُطُ الرِّزْقَ لِمَن يَشَاءُ وَيَقْدِرُ ۚ إِنَّهُ كَانَ بِعِبَادِهِ خَبِيرًا بَصِيرًا

 

6.0 CAUSES OF FOOD INSECURITY

  • Food insecurity is exceptional and is limited by space and time
  • Weather is not an absolute cause of food insecurity
  • Lack of food in one place can be mitigated by importing food or migration. Nisa:97

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَوَفَّاهُمُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ ظَالِمِي أَنفُسِهِمْ قَالُوا فِيمَ كُنتُمْ ۖ قَالُوا كُنَّا مُسْتَضْعَفِينَ فِي الْأَرْضِ ۚ قَالُوا أَلَمْ تَكُنْ أَرْضُ اللَّهِ وَاسِعَةً فَتُهَاجِرُوا فِيهَا ۚ فَأُولَٰئِكَ مَأْوَاهُمْ جَهَنَّمُ ۖ وَسَاءَتْ مَصِيرً

  • Physical insecurity leads to food insecurity because farmers are not free to produce food, or routes of transport are blocked.
  • Injustice in resource distribution.

Pictures of malnourished children in Gaza

Source: https://www.bbc.com/

Source: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/

Source: https://www.unicefusa.org/


Pictures of malnourished children in Sudan

Source: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/

Source: https://www.bbc.com/

Source: https://www.wfp.org/


Pictures of children with protein-calorie malnutrition or kwashiorkor

Source: https://discover.hubpages.com/
 
Source: https://emedicine.medscape.com/

Source: https://ghanadistricts.com/


7.0 ENSURING FOOD SECURITY BY STORAGE: YUSUF AND STORING FOOD FOR THE EGYPTIAN FAMINE

  • Yusuf PBUH predicted famine due to cycles in the flow of River Nile. Yusuf 55

وَقَالَ ٱلْمَلِكُ إِنِّىٓ أَرَىٰ سَبْعَ بَقَرَٰتٍۢ سِمَانٍۢ يَأْكُلُهُنَّ سَبْعٌ عِجَافٌۭ وَسَبْعَ سُنۢبُلَـٰتٍ خُضْرٍۢ وَأُخَرَ يَابِسَـٰتٍۢ ۖ يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلْمَلَأُ أَفْتُونِى فِى رُءْيَـٰىَ إِن كُنتُمْ لِلرُّءْيَا تَعْبُرُونَ ٤٣ قَالُوٓا۟ أَضْغَـٰثُ أَحْلَـٰمٍۢ ۖ وَمَا نَحْنُ بِتَأْوِيلِ ٱلْأَحْلَـٰمِ بِعَـٰلِمِينَ ٤٤ وَقَالَ ٱلَّذِى نَجَا مِنْهُمَا وَٱدَّكَرَ بَعْدَ أُمَّةٍ أَنَا۠ أُنَبِّئُكُم بِتَأْوِيلِهِۦ فَأَرْسِلُونِ ٤٥ يُوسُفُ أَيُّهَا ٱلصِّدِّيقُ أَفْتِنَا فِى سَبْعِ بَقَرَٰتٍۢ سِمَانٍۢ يَأْكُلُهُنَّ سَبْعٌ عِجَافٌۭ وَسَبْعِ سُنۢبُلَـٰتٍ خُضْرٍۢ وَأُخَرَ يَابِسَـٰتٍۢ لَّعَلِّىٓ أَرْجِعُ إِلَى ٱلنَّاسِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَعْلَمُونَ ٤٦ قَالَ تَزْرَعُونَ سَبْعَ سِنِينَ دَأَبًۭا فَمَا حَصَدتُّمْ فَذَرُوهُ فِى سُنۢبُلِهِۦٓ إِلَّا قَلِيلًۭا مِّمَّا تَأْكُلُونَ ٤٧ ثُمَّ يَأْتِى مِنۢ بَعْدِ ذَٰلِكَ سَبْعٌۭ شِدَادٌۭ يَأْكُلْنَ مَا قَدَّمْتُمْ لَهُنَّ إِلَّا قَلِيلًۭا مِّمَّا تُحْصِنُونَ ٤٨ ثُمَّ يَأْتِى مِنۢ بَعْدِ ذَٰلِكَ

عَامٌۭ فِيهِ يُغَاثُ ٱلنَّاسُ وَفِيهِ يَعْصِرُونَ ٤٩

  • Yusuf advised storing food for the future. Yusuf : 56

وَقَالَ ٱلْمَلِكُ ٱئْتُونِى بِهِۦٓ أَسْتَخْلِصْهُ لِنَفْسِى ۖ فَلَمَّا كَلَّمَهُۥ قَالَ إِنَّكَ ٱلْيَوْمَ لَدَيْنَا مَكِينٌ أَمِينٌۭ ٥٤ قَالَ ٱجْعَلْنِى عَلَىٰ خَزَآئِنِ ٱلْأَرْضِ ۖ إِنِّى حَفِيظٌ عَلِيمٌۭ ٥٥ وَكَذَٰلِكَ مَكَّنَّا لِيُوسُفَ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ يَتَبَوَّأُ مِنْهَا حَيْثُ يَشَآءُ ۚ نُصِيبُ بِرَحْمَتِنَا مَن نَّشَآءُ ۖ وَلَا نُضِيعُ أَجْرَ ٱلْمُحْسِنِينَ ٥٦

  • A house without dates is a house of hungry people. Muslim

بيت لا تمر فيه جياع أهله. رواه مسلم

  • Narrated 'Umar: The Prophet used to sell the dates of the garden of Bani An-Nadir and store for his family so much food as would cover their needs for a whole year. Bukhari Volume 7, Book 64, Number 270:

 

8.0 ENSURING FOOD SECURTY BY TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS: 3 AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONS

  • The First Agricultural Revolution circa 10,000 B.C. Shift from hunting and gathering to subsistence farming and domestic herding.
  • The Second Agricultural Revolution in the UK in the mid-18th century: livestock breeding, crop rotation, and mechanical farm equipment.
  • The Third Agricultural Revolution, or the Green Revolution, took place during the 1940s, 50s, and 60s. Innovations in irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, and plant breeding led to greater crop yields.
  • Starvation was feared in India in the 1950s, but it was mitigated by the Green Revolution.